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Kaluza was born to a [[Roman Catholic]] family from the town of [[Racibórz|Ratibor]] (present-day Racibórz in Poland) in the [[German Empire]]'s [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Silesia]]. Kaluza himself was born in Wilhelmsthal (a village that was incorporated into [[Opole|Oppeln (present-day Opole)]] in 1899). He spent his youth in [[Königsberg]], where his father, [[Max Kaluza]], was a professor of the English language. He entered the [[University of Königsberg]] to study mathematics and gained his doctorate with a thesis on [[Tschirnhaus transformation]]s. Kaluza was primarily a mathematician but began studying [[theory of relativity|relativity]]. In April 1919 Kaluza noticed that when he solved [[Albert Einstein]]'s equations for [[general relativity]] using five dimensions, then [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwellian]] equations for [[electromagnetism]] emerged spontaneously.<ref>Daniela Wuensch. ''Kaluza—Klein Theory''. Compendium of Quantum Physics 2009, pp 328–331.</ref><ref name="ZumUnitatsproblemderphysik">[https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1921preussi ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' (1918)] (''Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences'' (1918)). archive.org. pp. 966–974</ref><ref>''Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences'' (1918). p. 969. (cf., da num (für alle drei arten feldgleichungen) [... [[Ricci tensor]]...], so für den die maxwellschen gleichen gem fur die komponenten des verstorms [...] der raumzeitliche energietensor is also im wesentlichen mir stromdichte zu randern (Tr., Since then (for all three types of field equations) [... [[Ricci-flat manifold]]...], So for the same according to Maxwell's for the components of the verstorms [...] the spatio-temporal energy tensor thus essentially current density are random))</ref> Kaluza wrote to Einstein who, in turn, encouraged him to publish. Kaluza's theory was published in 1921 in a paper, "Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik" with Einstein's support in ''Sitzungsberichte Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 966–972 (1921).<ref name="ZumUnitatsproblemderphysik" />
Kaluza was born to a [[Roman Catholic]] family from the town of [[Racibórz|Ratibor]] (present-day Racibórz in Poland) in the [[German Empire]]'s [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Silesia]]. Kaluza himself was born in Wilhelmsthal (a village that was incorporated into [[Opole|Oppeln (present-day Opole)]] in 1899). He spent his youth in [[Königsberg]], where his father, [[Max Kaluza]], was a professor of the English language. He entered the [[University of Königsberg]] to study mathematics and gained his doctorate with a thesis on [[Tschirnhaus transformation]]s. Kaluza was primarily a mathematician but began studying [[theory of relativity|relativity]]. In April 1919 Kaluza noticed that when he solved [[Albert Einstein]]'s equations for [[general relativity]] using five dimensions, then [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwellian]] equations for [[electromagnetism]] emerged spontaneously.<ref>Daniela Wuensch. ''Kaluza—Klein Theory''. Compendium of Quantum Physics 2009, pp 328–331.</ref><ref name="ZumUnitatsproblemderphysik">[https://archive.org/details/sitzungsberichte1921preussi ''Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' (1918)] (''Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences'' (1918)). archive.org. pp. 966–974</ref><ref>''Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences'' (1918). p. 969. (cf., da num (für alle drei arten feldgleichungen) [... [[Ricci tensor]]...], so für den die maxwellschen gleichen gem fur die komponenten des verstorms [...] der raumzeitliche energietensor is also im wesentlichen mir stromdichte zu randern (Tr., Since then (for all three types of field equations) [... [[Ricci-flat manifold]]...], So for the same according to Maxwell's for the components of the verstorms [...] the spatio-temporal energy tensor thus essentially current density are random))</ref> Kaluza wrote to Einstein who, in turn, encouraged him to publish. Kaluza's theory was published in 1921 in a paper, "Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik" with Einstein's support in ''Sitzungsberichte Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 966–972 (1921).<ref name="ZumUnitatsproblemderphysik" />


Kaluza's insight is remembered as the [[Kaluza–Klein theory]] (also named after physicist [[Oskar Klein]]). However, the work was neglected for many years as attention was directed towards [[quantum mechanics]]. His idea that fundamental forces can be explained by additional dimensions did not re-emerge until [[string theory]] was developed. It is however also notable that many of the aspects of this body of work were already published in 1914 by [[Gunnar Nordström]], but his work also went unnoticed and was not recognized when the ideas re-emerged.
Kaluza's insight is remembered as the [[Kaluza–Klein theory]] (also named after physicist [[Oskar Klein]]).<ref name="New Kind of Science">{{cite book|last=Wolfram|first=Stephen|title=A New Kind of Science|publisher=Wolfram Media, Inc.|year=2002|page=[https://www.wolframscience.com/nks/notes-9-6--space-and-its-contents/ 1028]|isbn=1-57955-008-8|url=https://www.wolframscience.com/nks/}}</ref> However, the work was neglected for many years as attention was directed towards [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name="New Kind of Science" /> His idea that fundamental forces can be explained by additional dimensions did not re-emerge until [[string theory]] was developed.<ref name="New Kind of Science" /> It is however also notable that many of the aspects of this body of work were already published in 1914 by [[Gunnar Nordström]], but his work also went unnoticed and was not recognized when the ideas re-emerged.


For the rest of his career Kaluza continued to produce ideas about relativity and about models of the [[atomic nucleus]]. Despite Einstein's support, Kaluza remained at a low rank ([[Privatdozent]]) at [[Königsberg]] until 1929 when he was appointed as professor at the [[University of Kiel]]. In 1935 he became a full professor at the [[University of Göttingen]] where he remained until his death in 1954. Perhaps his finest mathematical work is the textbook ''Höhere Mathematik für die Praktiker'' which was written jointly with Georg Joos.
For the rest of his career Kaluza continued to produce ideas about relativity and about models of the [[atomic nucleus]]. Despite Einstein's support, Kaluza remained at a low rank ([[Privatdozent]]) at [[Königsberg]] until 1929 when he was appointed as professor at the [[University of Kiel]]. In 1935 he became a full professor at the [[University of Göttingen]] where he remained until his death in 1954. Perhaps his finest mathematical work is the textbook ''Höhere Mathematik für die Praktiker'' which was written jointly with Georg Joos.

Revision as of 20:01, 6 November 2020

Theodor F. E. Kaluza
Born(1885-11-09)9 November 1885
Wilhelmsthal, Silesia
Died19 January 1954(1954-01-19) (aged 68)
Göttingen, Lower Saxony
Alma materUniversity of Königsberg
Known forKaluza–Klein theory
Scientific career
FieldsMathematical physics

Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza (German:

field equations in five-dimensional space-time. His idea that fundamental forces can be unified by introducing additional dimensions re-emerged much later in string theory
.

Life

Kaluza was born to a

Roman Catholic family from the town of Ratibor (present-day Racibórz in Poland) in the German Empire's Prussian Province of Silesia. Kaluza himself was born in Wilhelmsthal (a village that was incorporated into Oppeln (present-day Opole) in 1899). He spent his youth in Königsberg, where his father, Max Kaluza, was a professor of the English language. He entered the University of Königsberg to study mathematics and gained his doctorate with a thesis on Tschirnhaus transformations. Kaluza was primarily a mathematician but began studying relativity. In April 1919 Kaluza noticed that when he solved Albert Einstein's equations for general relativity using five dimensions, then Maxwellian equations for electromagnetism emerged spontaneously.[1][2][3] Kaluza wrote to Einstein who, in turn, encouraged him to publish. Kaluza's theory was published in 1921 in a paper, "Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik" with Einstein's support in Sitzungsberichte Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften 966–972 (1921).[2]

Kaluza's insight is remembered as the Kaluza–Klein theory (also named after physicist Oskar Klein).[4] However, the work was neglected for many years as attention was directed towards quantum mechanics.[4] His idea that fundamental forces can be explained by additional dimensions did not re-emerge until string theory was developed.[4] It is however also notable that many of the aspects of this body of work were already published in 1914 by Gunnar Nordström, but his work also went unnoticed and was not recognized when the ideas re-emerged.

For the rest of his career Kaluza continued to produce ideas about relativity and about models of the

University of Kiel. In 1935 he became a full professor at the University of Göttingen
where he remained until his death in 1954. Perhaps his finest mathematical work is the textbook Höhere Mathematik für die Praktiker which was written jointly with Georg Joos.

Personal life

Kaluza was extraordinarily versatile. He spoke or wrote 17 languages. He also had an unusually modest personality. He refused the Nazi ideology and his appointment to the Göttingen chair was possible only with difficulties and by protection of his colleague Helmut Hasse. Strange stories were told of his private life, for example, that he taught himself to swim in his thirties by reading a book and succeeded at his first attempt in the water.

Kaluza had a son (born 1910), also named Theodor Kaluza [de] who was a notable mathematician.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Daniela Wuensch. Kaluza—Klein Theory. Compendium of Quantum Physics 2009, pp 328–331.
  2. ^ a b Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1918) (Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1918)). archive.org. pp. 966–974
  3. Ricci tensor...], so für den die maxwellschen gleichen gem fur die komponenten des verstorms [...] der raumzeitliche energietensor is also im wesentlichen mir stromdichte zu randern (Tr., Since then (for all three types of field equations) [... Ricci-flat manifold
    ...], So for the same according to Maxwell's for the components of the verstorms [...] the spatio-temporal energy tensor thus essentially current density are random))
  4. ^
    ISBN 1-57955-008-8
    .

References

External links

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Theodor Kaluza
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