Stachybotrys

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Black mold (disambiguation).

Stachybotrys
Conidiophores
of Stachybotrys chartarum with clusters of phlialides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Stachybotryaceae
Genus: Stachybotrys
Corda (1837)
Type species
Stachybotrys atrus
Corda (1837)
Species

~ 50, see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Synsporium Preuss (1849)
  • Fuckelina
    Sacc.
    (1875)
  • Gliobotrys
    Höhn.
    (1902)
  • Hyalobotrys Pidopl. (1948)
  • Hyalostachybotrys Sriniv. (1958)
  • Ornatispora K.D.Hyde (1999)

Stachybotrys (

Species Fungorum (in 2023), of which 33 species have DNA sequence data in GenBank. Species in the genus are commonly found in soil, plant litter (hay, straw, cereal grains, and decaying plant debris) and air and a few species have been found from damp paper, cotton, linen, cellulose-based building materials water-damaged indoor buildings, and air ducts from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (Izabel et al. 2010;[6] Lombard et al. 2016;[7] Hyde et al. 2020a).[8]

The name of Stachybotrys is derived from the Greek words σταχυς stakhus (ear of grain, stalk, stick; metaphorically, progeny) and βότρυς botrus (cluster or bunch as in grapes, trusses).

The most infamous species,

satratoxins, and another that produces atranones.[10] However, the association of Stachybotrys mold with specific health conditions is not well proven and there exists a debate within the scientific community.[11][12][13]

Conidia

Conidia are in slimy masses, smooth to coarsely rough, dark olivaceous to brownish black, obovoid, later becoming ellipsoid with age, 10–13 × 5–7 mm. Phialides are obovate or ellipsoidal, colorless early then turning to olivaceous with maturity, smooth, 12–14 × 5–7 mm, in clusters of 5 to 9 phialides. Conidiophores are simple, erect, smooth to rough, colorless to olivaceous, slightly enlarged apically, mostly unbranched but occasionally branched. Conidia of Stachybotrys are very characteristic and can be confidently identified in spore count samples. This genus is closely related to Memnoniella. Species of Memnoniella may occasionally develop Stachybotrys-like conidia, and vice versa.[14]

Detection

Four distinctive microbial

gypsum board cultures.[15]

Pathogenicity

Stachybotrys spores 10 × 40 magnification under bright field microscopy

Symptoms of Stachybotrys exposure in humans

A controversy began in the early 1990s after analysis of two infant deaths and multiple cases in children from the poor areas of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, due to pulmonary hemorrhage were initially linked to exposure to heavy amounts of Stachybotrys chartarum. Subsequent and extensive reanalysis of the cases by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have failed to find any link between the deaths and the mold exposure.[16][17]

Species

As accepted by

Species Fungorum (as of July 2023);[18]

See also

References

Notes

  1. Species Fungorum
    . Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  2. JSTOR 3761605. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018 – via Zenodo
    .
  3. PMID 15449591. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2019.
  4. ISSN 1571-8859
    .
  5. LCCN 2009285939
    .
  6. doi:10.1590/S0100-84042010000300010
    .
  7. PMID 27616791
    .
  8. S2CID 219808477
    .
  9. PMID 12781669. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017.
  10. University of California Berkeley
    .
  11. S2CID 4755858
    .
  12. S2CID 204458646
    .
  13. ^ "You Can Control Mold | CDC". 17 May 2021.
  14. ISBN 978-0-470-11243-4
    , retrieved 27 October 2020
  15. PMID 12049433
    . NIOSHTIC No. 20022270.
  16. National Center for Environmental Health. Archived
    from the original on 15 November 2001.
  17. PMID 11795499. Archived
    from the original on 20 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Species Fungorum – Search Page – Stachybotrys". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 20 July 2023.

Further reading

  • Progovitz, Richard F. (2003). Black Mold: Your Health and Your Home. The Forager Press.
    ISBN 978-0-9743943-9-8
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stachybotrys.
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