Stanhopea
Stanhopea | |
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Stanhopea insignis | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
Tribe: | Cymbidieae |
Subtribe: | Stanhopeinae |
Genus: | Stanhopea J. Frost ex Hook. 1829 |
Type species | |
Stanhopea insignis J.Frost ex Hook.
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Stanhopea is a genus of the orchid family (
Stanhopea is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flowers that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant inflorescences are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the inflorescence to push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.
The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see Stanhopeinae and the closely related sister subtribe Coeliopsidinae.
Description
Most Stanhopea flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; S. annulata, S. avicula, S. cirrhata, S. ecornuta and S. pulla. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; S. candida, S. grandiflora, S. reichenbachiana, S. tricornis and the natural hybrid S. x herrenhusana. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.
With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male
Species
- Stanhopea aliceae Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea anfracta Rolfe (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia)
- Stanhopea annulata Mansf. (S. Colombia to Ecuador)
- Stanhopea avicula Dressler (Panama)
- Stanhopea bueraremensis Campacci & Marçal (E. Brazil)
- Stanhopea candida Barb.Rodr. (S. Trop. America)
- Stanhopea cephalopodaa Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea chironii Archila, Pérez-García & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea cirrhata Lindl. (C. America)
- Stanhopea confusa G.Gerlach & Beeche (C. America)
- Stanhopea connata Klotzsch (Colombia to Peru)
- Stanhopea costaricensis Rchb.f. (C. America)
- Stanhopea deltoidea Lem. (Peru to Bolivia)
- Stanhopea dodsoniana Salazar & Soto Arenas (NC. & S. Mexico to Guatemala)
- Stanhopea ecornuta Lem. (C. America)
- Stanhopea embreei Dodson (Ecuador)
- Stanhopea florida Rchb.f. (Ecuador to Peru)
- Stanhopea fonsecae Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea frymirei Dodson (Ecuador)
- Stanhopea gibbosa Rchb.f. (= S. carchiensis, = S. impressa; S Colombia to Ecuador)
- Stanhopea grandiflora Lindl. (Trinidad to S. Trop. America)
- Stanhopea graveolens Lindl.(Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina)
- Stanhopea greeri Jenny (Peru)
- Stanhopea guttulata Lindl. (SE. Brazil)
- Stanhopea haseloffiana Rchb.f. (N. Peru)
- Stanhopea hernandezii (Kunth) Schltr. (C. & SW. Mexico)
- Stanhopea insignis J.Frost ex Hook. (SE. & S. Brazil)
- Stanhopea intermedia Klinge (SW. Mexico)
- Stanhopea javieri Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea jenischiana F.Kramer ex Rchb.f.(Colombia to NW. Venezuela and S. Ecuador)
- Stanhopea lietzei (Regel) Schltr. (E. & S. Brazil)
- Stanhopea macrocornata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea maculosa Knowles & Westc. (W. Mexico)
- Stanhopea madouxiana Cogn. (Colombia)
- Stanhopea maduroi Dodson & Dressler (Panama to N.Colombia)
- Stanhopea manriqueii Jenny & Nauray (Peru)
- Stanhopea marizana Jenny (Peru)
- Stanhopea martiana Bateman ex Lindl. (SW. Mexico)
- Stanhopea marylenae Archila, Chiron & Pérez-García (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea moliana Rolfe (Peru)
- Stanhopea napoensis Dodson (Ecuador)
- Stanhopea naurayi Jenny (Peru)
- Stanhopea nicaraguensis G.Gerlach (Nicaragua)
- Stanhopea nigripes Rolfe (Peru)
- Stanhopea novogaliciana S.Rosillo (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco)
- Stanhopea oculata (Lodd.)Lindl. (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
- Stanhopea oscarrodrigoi Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea ospinae Dodson (Colombia)
- Stanhopea panamensis N.H.Williams & W.M.Whitten (Panama)
- Stanhopea peruviana Rolfe (Peru)
- Stanhopea platyceras Rchb.f. (Colombia)
- Stanhopea posadae Jenny et Braem (Colombia)
- Stanhopea pozoi Dodson & D.E.Benn. (S. Ecuador)
- Stanhopea pseudoradiosa Jenny & R.Gonzalez (SW. Mexico)
- Stanhopea pulla Rchb.f. (Costa Rica to N. Colombia)
- Stanhopea radiosa Lem. (W. Mexico)
- Stanhopea reichenbachiana Roezl ex Rchb.f. (Colombia)
- Stanhopea rubroatrata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea rubromaculata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea ruckeri Lindl. (= S. inodora; Mexico to C. America)
- Stanhopea saccata Bateman (Mexico - Chiapas to C. America)
- Stanhopea saintexuperyi Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea schilleriana Rchb.f. (Colombia)
- Stanhopea shuttleworthii Rchb.f. (Colombia)
- Stanhopea stevensonii A.Mejia & R.Escobar ex Jenny (Colombia)
- Stanhopea szlachetkoana Archila, Pérez-García & Chiron (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Mexico)
- Stanhopea tolimensis G.Gerlach (Colombia)
- Stanhopea tricornis Lindl. (W. South America)
- Stanhopea victoriana Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. (Nicaragua to Venezuela)
- Stanhopea warszewicziana Klotzsch (Costa Rica)
- Stanhopea whittenii Soto Arenas, Salazar & G.Gerlach (Mexico to Guatemala)
- Stanhopea xanthoviridea Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea xytriophora Rchb.f. (S. Peru to Bolivia)
Natural hybrids
- Stanhopea × fowlieana Jenny (S. costaricensis × S. ecornuta) (Costa Rica)
- Stanhopea × herrenhusana Jenny (S. reichenbachiana × S. tricornis) (Colombia)
- Stanhopea × horichiana Jenny (S. ecornuta × S. wardii) (Costa Rica)
- Stanhopea × lewisae Ames & Correll (S. ecornuta × S. inodora) (Guatemala)
- Stanhopea × quadricornis Lindl. (S. grandflora × S. wardii) (Colombia)
- Stanhopea × thienii Dodson (S. annulata × S. impressa) (Ecuador)
Intergeneric hybrids
- × Aciopea (Acineta × Stanhopea). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha × Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia).
- × Aciopea is abbreviated Aip.
- × Cirrhopea (Cirrhaea × Stanhopea)
- × Coryhopea (Coryanthes × Stanhopea)
- × Stangora (Gongora × Stanhopea)
- × Stanhocycnis (Polycycnis × Stanhopea)
Gallery
Species
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Stanhopea anfracta
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Stanhopea annulata
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Stanhopea candida
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Stanhopea cirrhata
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Stanhopea connata
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Stanhopea costaricensis
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Stanhopea ecornuta
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Stanhopea embreei
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Stanhopea grandiflora
Natural hybrids
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Stanhopea × horichiana
References
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1-585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
- ^ Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
- ^ McLeish, I., N. R. Pearce & B. R. Adams. 1995. Native Orchids of Belize. 1–278.
- ^ Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. (eds.) 2011. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
- S2CID 2845587.
- ^ a b "Search term=Stanhopea". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- Gerlach, G. & Beeche, J. 2004: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae III (Orchidaceae). Reestablecimiento de Stanhopea ruckeri y una especie nueva: Stanhopea confusa. Lankesteriana 4(3): 213–222.
- Gerlach, G. 2010: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae V: El aroma floral de las Stanhopeas de Mexico. Lankesteriana 9(3): 431–442.
- Rudolf Jenny (December 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
- Rudolf Jenny (December 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
- Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus Stanhopea: 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146–291.
- Gerlach, G. (2004). "Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea". J. Orchideenfreund. 11 (1): 53–76. (in German)
External links
- Media related to Stanhopea at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Stanhopea at Wikispecies
- Photo collections of Stanhopea from Botanical Garden Munich.
- The Stanhopea Pages website by Nina Rach
- The Stanhopea website by Dick Hartley