Stoney units

In

fully define and are included in the set.

Units

Quantity	Expression	Value in SI Units
Length (L)	${\displaystyle l_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\frac {Ge^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}c^{4}}}}}$	1.3807×10−36 m
Mass (M)	${\displaystyle m_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}G}}}}$	1.8592×10−9 kg
Time (T)	${\displaystyle t_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\frac {Ge^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}c^{6}}}}}$	4.6054×10−45 s
Electric charge (Q)	${\displaystyle q_{\text{S}}=~e}$	1.6022×10−19 C

The constants that Stoney used to define his set of units is the following:^[1][2]

• c, the speed of light in vacuum,
• G, the gravitational constant,
• k_e, the Coulomb constant,
• e, the charge on the electron.

Later authors typically replace the Coulomb constant with 1/4πε₀.^[3][4]

This means that the numerical values of all these constants, when expressed in coherent Stoney units, is equal to one:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}c&=1\ l_{\text{S}}\cdot t_{\text{S}}^{-1}\\G&=1\ l_{\text{S}}^{3}\cdot t_{\text{S}}^{-2}\cdot m_{\text{S}}^{-1}\\k_{\text{e}}&=1\ l_{\text{S}}^{3}\cdot t_{\text{S}}^{-2}\cdot m_{\text{S}}\cdot q_{\text{S}}^{-2}\\e&=1\ q_{\text{S}}\end{aligned}}}$

In Stoney units, the numerical value of the

${\displaystyle \hbar ={\frac {1}{\alpha }}~l_{\text{S}}^{2}\cdot t_{\text{S}}^{-1}\cdot m_{\text{S}}\approx 137.036~l_{\text{S}}^{2}\cdot t_{\text{S}}^{-1}\cdot m_{\text{S}}^{~},}$

where α is the fine-structure constant.

History

George Stoney was one of the first scientists to understand that electric charge was quantized; from this quantization and three other constants that he perceived as being universal (a speed from electromagnetism, and the coefficients in the electrostatic and gravitational force equations) he derived the units that are now named after him.^[5][6] Stoney's derived estimate of the unit of charge, 10⁻²⁰ ampere-second, was 1⁄16 of the modern value of the charge of the electron^[7] due to Stoney using the approximated value of 10¹⁸ for the number of molecules presented in one cubic millimetre of gas at standard temperature and pressure. Using the modern values for the Avogadro constant 6.02214×10²³ mol⁻¹ and for the volume of a gram-molecule under these conditions of 22.4146×10⁶ mm³, the modern value is 2.687×10¹⁶, instead of Stoney's 10¹⁸.

Stoney units and Planck units

Stoney's set of base units is similar to the one used in Planck units, proposed independently by Planck thirty years later, in which Planck normalized the Planck constant^[a] in place of the elementary charge.^[8]

Planck units are more commonly used than Stoney units in modern physics, especially for quantum gravity (including string theory). Rarely, Planck units are referred to as Planck–Stoney units.^[8]

The Stoney length and the Stoney energy, collectively called the Stoney scale, are not far from the Planck length and the Planck energy, the Planck scale. The Stoney scale and the

The ratio of Stoney units to Planck units of length, time and mass is ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\alpha }}}$, where ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is the fine-structure constant:^[14] ${\displaystyle l_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\alpha }}\,l_{\text{P}};}$ ${\displaystyle m_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\alpha }}\,m_{\text{P}};}$ ${\displaystyle t_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\alpha }}\,t_{\text{P}};}$ ${\displaystyle q_{\text{S}}={\sqrt {\alpha }}\,q_{\text{P}}.}$

See also

• Dimensional analysis
• Natural units
• Physical constants

Notes