Stupni Do massacre

Coordinates: 44°07′30″N 18°19′25″E / 44.12500°N 18.32361°E / 44.12500; 18.32361
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Stupni Do massacre
Stupni Do is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stupni Do
Stupni Do
Stupni Do (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
LocationStupni Do, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Coordinates44°07′30″N 18°19′25″E / 44.12500°N 18.32361°E / 44.12500; 18.32361
Date23 October 1993 (Central European Time)
TargetBosniaks
Attack type
Mass Killing
Deaths37[1]
PerpetratorsCroatian Defence Council (HVO)

The Stupni Do massacre was a massacre committed by

ICTY for war crimes in October 2005. The Croat forces took control of the village and massacred most of the captured people. They raped the women before killing them and looted all houses before setting them on fire. The confirmed number of victims is at least 37.[1]

Background

In April 1993, the

Bosnian Army started to retaliate against Croatian attacks. According to the conclusion in the verdict against general Tihomir Blaškić, there is no doubt whatsoever that the attacks carried out by the HVO in April and June 1993 were not justified by strictly military reasons but also targeted Muslim civilians and their possessions in order to make the Muslim civilian populations flee and to ensure that they did not return. In order to achieve this the HVO soldiers mainly acted as follows: they terrorised the civilians by intensive shelling, murders and violence; they systematically torched and destroyed their private homes and places of worship usually after looting them; they slaughtered the livestock and seized agricultural reserves; and finally, they arrested and detained in camps, then finally exchanged or expelled Muslim civilians towards territories under the control of the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ethnic cleansing was very brutal in Kiseljak municipality under the command of Ivica Rajić. The ICTY Trial Chamber notes that the Kiseljak authorities created an official commission responsible for driving civilians out of the region. Finally, it points out that the municipality in which 10,000 Muslims lived before the hostilities had only 800 remaining after.[2]

In conclusion, and as was pointed out by Captain Lanthier, an officer with the

UNPROFOR from April to November 1993, who was able to visit many of the villages in the Kiseljak enclave after the hostilities:{{quote|What had happened in the Kiseljak pocket is what is known as ethnic cleansing, where deliberately the citizens had been attacked, that is, those citizens of Muslim origin and only them. The others had been left untouched. It wasn't specifically the villages that were attacked but specifically people within the villages. That was what allowed me – that is the conclusion I came to. […] In my mind, it was clear, and even more so in retrospect, that the operations that were carried out in the Vitez and Kiseljak pockets constituted ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population living there. They were carried out in the military fashion. The tactics utilised and the use of the land and all the other factors, which I have already mentioned, indicates quite clearly that [the situation was not] that one day to the next, a farmer decides to exterminate his neighbours, but rather a systematic extermination […] When you look at what happened in Vitez two days later, this thing continued in the Kiseljak pocket, and then several days later, in Breza, in this 302nd Brigade, I was told that the same thing was being prepared for Vareš and Stupni Do. And I was told by this brigade that he feared for Stupni Do. History showed later on that the exact same thing was to happen there. So it was systematic, it was organised, and there was no doubt whatsoever that this was a military operation against a civilian population.[3]

June 1993 ultimatum

In June 1993, the Vareš HVO issued an

Bosnian Muslims in the villages of Daštansko and Stupni Do to surrender their weapons
. The Daštansko villagers surrendered their weapons. In Stupni Do, before the expiration of the ultimatum, most of the villagers, fearing an attack, took refuge in neighbouring villages but returned home after several days. Knowing that the
Bosnian Army would retaliate if the HVO attacked Stupni Do to disarm the village, the HVO withdrew the ultimatum and the villagers were allowed to keep their weapons.[4]

October 1993 attack

By October 1993 the Croat forces were isolated and found their freedom of movement increasingly limited. The Central Bosnian leadership of Croats was concerned about Vareš, which it feared might be handed over in the international

ECMM Monitors with a copy of a letter, which had been sent to Franjo Tuđman, Mate Boban and Dario Kordić, complaining about the proposed future of Vareš, as decided in the Geneva talks, when it was proposed that the municipality come under Bosnian Muslim control.[5]

Units

On 21 October 1993, while Ivica Rajić and

Serb-controlled territory and reached Vareš town on 22 October 1993. The Croat commanders and members who travelled from Kiseljak to Vareš included Dominik Ilijašević a.k.a. Como (later convicted of war crimes by the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Miroslav Anić a.k.a. Firga, Marinko Kepić, Marinko Ljoljo, Marinko Šunjić and Marinko Jurišić a.k.a. Špiro.[4]

The HVO units under Ivica Rajić command, including the Maturice and Ban Josip Jelačić Brigade, had participated in earlier operations against Bosnian Muslims villages in Kiseljak municipality and committed crimes against Bosnian Muslims, including murder, rape, destruction of property, arbitrary arrest and physical assault. Ivica Rajić knew, for example, that commanders and members of Maturice, including Miroslav Anić a.k.a. Firga, mutilated Bosnian Muslims and hung their heads in the "open market" in Kiseljak town. During the same time, Dominik Iljašević a.k.a. Como drove around Kiseljak with a cut off Muslim ear attached to the antenna of his car.[6]

Orders

On 23 October 1993, the head of the HVO Main Staff, Slobodan Praljak, ordered Ivica Rajić and others to "sort out the situation in Vareš showing no mercy towards anyone. Find people who are up to both the times and the tasks." Slobodan Praljak's order was known by local HVO commanders and soldiers and further escalated the highly charged and aggressive attitude against Bosnian Muslims in the Vareš area.[7]

Ivica Rajić ordered HVO forces including the Kakanj soldiers (who had demonstrated extreme aggression toward the Bosnian Muslim population in Vareš and showed a strong desire to destroy everything that was not Croat) to attack Stupni Do and Bogoš Hill and to arrest and detain military-aged Muslim men in Vareš town.[7]

Stupni Do is a village located in the

heavy artillery.[10]

War crimes

In Stupni Do, HVO commanders and soldiers forced Bosnian Muslim civilians out of their homes and hiding places, robbed them of their valuables, wilfully killed men, women and

children and sexually assaulted women. Twelve villagers were forced into a shed which HVO soldiers then set on fire. The HVO attack on Stupni Do resulted in the deaths of at least thirty-seven Bosnian Muslim men, women, elderly and children (approximately six of whom were combatants). On 23–24 October 1993, most of the village was either wholly or partially destroyed.[1]

In terms of the Bosnian Muslims who died in the attack, at least the following were murdered: Three men and one woman were executed by being shot or having their throats cut; One woman was taken into a house by an HVO soldier where she was executed; Two elderly women, one of whom was an invalid, were found burned inside a house; One man was shot several times at close range after he refused to give an HVO soldier his money; When a group of Bosnian Muslims (one man, nine women and three children) attempted to flee, the man was shot and killed (his half-burned body was later found at the same location where he was shot), and two of the women and all three children were murdered in front of their house; Three of the young women who escaped the initial encounter with the HVO soldiers were then found hiding in a small cellar and murdered; Seven members of the same family (two men, three women and two children aged 2 and 3 years old) were found burned inside their shelter; One man, who had been severely wounded in both legs, was carried into a house which was later set on fire by HVO soldiers; (The man's burned body, together with another burned body, was later found inside the house.) One woman was taken into a room and shot, and the house then set on fire.[11]

Two international witnesses gave evidence of what they found in the village in the aftermath of the attack. The first, Rolf Weckesser, was an ECMM monitor who tried to get to the village on the morning after the attack but found the HVO blocking the road and refusing entry: the soldiers appeared to be drunk and were yelling and said: "We did not like this job, but we had to do it, and we do not like our leaders." On 27 October 1993 the witness finally succeeded in getting access to Stupni Do with the assistance of the local battalion of UNPROFOR (Nordbat). He found a scene of complete destruction with the houses still smouldering and about 20 bodies burnt beyond recognition, some of them the bodies of children. There were no indications of fighting.[12]

In Vareš town, HVO including members of the Apostoli and

inhabitants and persons present and robbed them of their valuables. Detained Bosnian Muslim men were beaten and abused by HVO soldiers. During the time from approximately 23 October to 3 November 1993, in Vareš town, HVO commanders and soldiers under Ivica Rajić's command and control looted and appropriated Muslim property, robbed Muslims of their valuables and sexually assaulted Muslim women.[13]

Cover-up operation

On 23 October 1993, Ivica Rajić reported to Dario Kordić, Milivoj Petković, Tihomir Blaškić and Mario Bradara (commander of the Ban Josip Jelačić Brigade): "I made an assessment and in the morning hours I carried out an attack on Stupni Do and Bogoš [...] The town of Vareš has been mopped up and all Muslims of military age placed under surveillance. [...] As of today, Vareš is Croatian and we shall fight to keep it that way - you must help me."[1]

Between the evening of 23 October 1993 and 26 October 1993, Ivica Rajić refused several requests by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) to enter Stupni Do and the two local schools in Vareš town in order to investigate what had happened at these locations.

bona fide investigation of what happened in Vareš town or at Stupni Do, and no HVO commander or soldier, including Ivica Rajić, was ever punished, disciplined or removed for what happened at these locations.[15]

Aftermath

Ivica Rajić left Vareš town on 26 October 1993, leaving Boro Malbašić and Krešimir Božić in command.

Geneva conventions. On 8 May 2006, he was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment, and on 13 April 2007 transferred to Spain to serve the remainder of his sentence.[17]

On 1 November 2010, Miroslav Anić, a former member of the 'Maturice' Special Purposes Squad with the Croatian Defence Council that's suspected of having committed war crimes in Vareš, Kiseljak, and specifically the Stupni Do massacre, surrendered to authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[18][19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d ICTY 8 May 2006, pp. 9–10.
  2. ^ ICTY 3 March 2000, p. 209.
  3. ^ ICTY 3 March 2000, pp. 211–212.
  4. ^ a b ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 7.
  5. ^ a b ICTY 26 February 2001, p. 254.
  6. ^ ICTY 8 May 2006, pp. 7–8.
  7. ^ a b ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 8.
  8. ^ ICTY 26 February 2001, p. 255.
  9. ^ ICTY 26 February 2001, p. 257.
  10. ^ ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 6.
  11. ^ ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 10.
  12. ^ ICTY 26 February 2001, pp. 255–256.
  13. ^ ICTY 8 May 2006, pp. 10–11.
  14. ^ a b ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 11.
  15. ^ a b c ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 12.
  16. ^ ICTY 8 May 2006, p. 13.
  17. ^ ""Stupni Do" (IT-95-12): Ivica Rajić Case Information Sheet:" (PDF). ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
  18. ^ Arslanagic, Sabina (2 November 2010). "Bosnia Press Review - 2 November 2010". Balkan Insight.
  19. ^ "A Former "Maturice" Member Surrenders". Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. 1 November 2010.

Sources

External links

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