Subluxation

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the concept of a chiropractic subluxation, see vertebral subluxation.

A subluxation is an incomplete or partial

organ.[1] According to the World Health Organization, a subluxation is a "significant structural displacement" and is therefore visible on static imaging studies, such as X-rays.[2][3][4] Unlike real subluxations, the pseudoscientific concept of a chiropractic "vertebral subluxation
" may or may not be visible on x-rays.

The term is used in the fields of medicine, dentistry, and chiropractic. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of chiropractic subluxations or proof they or their treatment have any effects on health.

Medical

Joints

X-ray showing metacarpophalangeal subluxation of the thumb of a 71-years old woman due to trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis

A subluxation of a

hip dysplasia. A spinal subluxation is visible on X-rays and can sometimes impinge on spinal nerve roots, causing symptoms in the areas served by those roots. In the spine, such a displacement may be caused by a fracture, spondylolisthesis, rheumatoid arthritis,[7] severe osteoarthritis
, falls, accidents and other traumas.

Ophthalmology

A subluxation of the

lens within the eye is called ectopia lentis, wherein it is displaced or malpositioned.[8] Subluxated lenses are frequently found in those who have had ocular trauma and those with certain systemic disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Loeys–Dietz syndrome and homocystinuria. Some subluxated lenses may require removal, as in the case of those that float freely or those that have opacified to form cataracts.[citation needed
]

Dental

Main article: Dental subluxation

A subluxation of a tooth is a

chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of smoking for several days.[10] In painful situations, a temporary splinting of the injured tooth may relieve the pain.[11]

Subluxation may also occur in the

mandible from the articular groove of the temporal bone.[12] The mandible can dislocate in the anterior, posterior, lateral, or superior position. Description of the dislocation is based on the location of the condyle in comparison to the temporal articular groove.[13]

Chiropractic

Main article: Vertebral subluxation

Unlike real subluxations, the pseudoscientific concept of a chiropractic "vertebral subluxation" may or may not be visible on x-rays. Nor may it involve a significant displacement or even pain or clear dysfunction.[14] Straight chiropractors claim that vertebral subluxation has considerable health effects and also add a visceral component to the definition. Mainstream medicine and some mixer chiropractors consider these ideas to be pseudoscientific and dispute these claims, as there is no scientific evidence for the existence of chiropractic subluxations or proof they or their treatment have any effects on health.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

References

  1. ^ "Definition of SUBLUXATION". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  2. S2CID 27358348
    .
  3. PMID 12594114
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  4. S2CID 37203250
    .
  5. ISBN 9780323290784
    .
  6. ISBN 9781449662684
    .
  7. ^ Calleja, Michele (May 25, 2011). Chew, Felix S (ed.). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Spine Imaging". Medscape reference. WebMD LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  8. ^ Eifrig, Charles W (July 22, 2011). Roy Sr, Hampton (ed.). "Ectopia Lentis". Medscape. WebMD LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  9. PMID 19208020
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 19021668
    .
  11. S2CID 24626715
    .
  12. ^ Chaudhry, Meher (April 19, 2012). Kulkarni, Rick (ed.). "Mandible dislocation". Medscape Reference. WebMD LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  13. ISBN 978-0071388757
    .
  14. ^ WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic, p. 4, including footnote.
  15. ^ Joseph C. Keating Jr.; Cleveland CS III; Menke M (2005). "Chiropractic history: a primer" (PDF). Association for the History of Chiropractic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 2008-06-16. A significant and continuing barrier to scientific progress within chiropractic are the anti-scientific and pseudo-scientific ideas (Keating 1997b) which have sustained the profession throughout a century of intense struggle with political medicine. Chiropractors' tendency to assert the meaningfulness of various theories and methods as a counterpoint to allopathic charges of quackery has created a defensiveness which can make critical examination of chiropractic concepts difficult (Keating and Mootz 1989). One example of this conundrum is the continuing controversy about the presumptive target of DCs' adjustive interventions: subluxation (Gatterman 1995; Leach 1994).
  16. PMID 16092955
    .
  17. ^ Joseph C. Keating Jr. (1997). "Chiropractic: science and antiscience and pseudoscience side by side". Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4): 37–43.
  18. ISBN 978-0-07-137534-4
    .
  19. PMID 21599991
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  20. PMID 17320731
    .
  21. ^ Subluxation: What It Is, And What To Do About It
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