Temür Qutlugh
Tīmūr Qutluq تیمور قتلغ | |
---|---|
Khan of the Golden Horde | |
Reign | 1397–1399 |
Predecessor | Tokhtamysh |
Successor | Shādī Beg |
Born | c. 1370 |
Died | 1399 |
Issue | Tīmūr, Pūlād |
Dynasty | Borjigin |
Father | Tīmūr Beg |
Religion | Islam |
Temür Qutlugh or Tīmūr Qutluq (
from 1397 to 1399.Ancestry
According to the detailed genealogies of the Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, Tīmūr Qutluq was the son of Tīmūr Beg, the son of Qutluq Tīmūr, the son of Nūmqān, the son of Abāy, the son of Kay-Timur, the son of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan.[1] Older scholarship and its derivatives, relying on the inaccurate information of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), erroneously identified Tīmūr Qutluq's father as Tīmūr Malik, the son of Urus Khan.[2] The confusion seems to have arisen from the similarity of names, given that the elements compounded with "Tīmūr" in the personal names of these individuals are all princely titles (khan, malik, beg).
Life
It is possible that Tīmūr Qutluq's father, Tīmūr Beg, had ruled briefly in 1368 (if identical with the numismatically attested Ūljāy Tīmūr),[3] and that his grandfather, Qutluq Tīmūr, had briefly contested the throne of Sarai with Mamai's protégé ʿAbdallāh sometime earlier in the 1360s (if identical with a like-named khan mentioned only by Ibn Khaldun).[4] Tīmūr Qutluq was a member of the court of his distant cousin, Tokhtamysh Khan, and supposedly desired to seize the throne. Tokhtamysh discovered Tīmūr Qutluq's designs and intended to kill him, but Tīmūr Qutluq fled to Timur (Tamerlane). This happened before 1388, when Tīmūr Qutluq participated in the Timurid invasion of Tokhtamysh's Khwarazm; Tīmūr Qutluq was one of the four captains of the Timurid vanguard. In 1391, Tīmūr Qutluq again participated in a Timurid campaign against Tokhtamysh and the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the Timurid return home, Tīmūr Qutluq and his mother's brother Edigu remained behind in the Golden Horde, ostensibly to recruit additional troops for the Timurid army.[5]
Instead of returning to Timur (Tamerlane), however, Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu sought to take over the Golden Horde for themselves, with Tīmūr Qutluq as khan and Edigu (a non-Jochid) as chief emir (
Although Tīmūr Qutluq had ostensibly triumphed, Tokhtamysh regrouped and invaded from Lithuania. In 1397, he besieged
Descendants
According to the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah (the Muʿizz al-ansāb accidentally misplaces the genealogical connections), Tīmūr Qutluq had four sons and two daughters.[9]
- Tīmūr, khan in 1410–1412, father of Küchük Muḥammad Khan
- Pūlād, khan in 1407–1410
- Nāṣir
- Yādigār
- Makhdūm-Sulṭān
- Bardar-Sulṭān (or Sarwar-Sulṭān)
Genealogy
- Genghis Khan
- Jochi
- Tuqa-Timur
- Kay-Timur
- Abay
- Numqan
- Qutluq Tīmūr
- Tīmūr Beg
- Tīmūr Qutluq
See also
References
- ^ Gaev 2002: 22-24, 54; Sagdeeva 2005: 71; Sabitov 2008: 59; Seleznëv 2009: 174; Počekaev 2010: 332 n. 534, 372; May 2018: 364; for the primary sources, see Vohidov 2006: 46 and Tizengauzen 2006: 436.
- ^ E.g., Howorth 1880: 259; Bosworth 1996: 252; the primary source in Tizengauzen 2006: 262.
- ^ Gaev 2002: 22-23, 54; Sabitov 2008: 59, 284.
- ^ Sabitov 2008: 58-59, 284, 286; the primary source in Tizengauzen 2005: 276.
- ^ Seleznëv 2009: 174; Počekaev 2010: 180-181.
- ^ Seleznëv 174; Počekaev 2010: 181-187; Reva 2016: 704; May 2018: 307-308 considers Tīmūr Qutluq to be a Timurid protégé, but this is unlikely, given his desertion and his opposition to Quyurchuq.
- ^ Seleznëv 2006: 174-175.
- ^ Howorth 1880: 259-262; Seleznëv 2006: 175; Počekaev 2010: 187-189; Reva 2016: 705.
- ^ Tizengauzen 2006: 436; Vohidov 2006: 46.
Bibliography
- Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
- Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
- Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
- May, T., The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh, 2018.
- Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
- Reva, R., "Borba za vlast' v pervoj polovine XV v.," in Zolotaja Orda v mirovoj istorii, Kazan', 2016: 704–729.
- Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
- Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
- Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie, Kazan', 2009.
- Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
- Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
- Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
- "Тимер Котлыгъ". Republic of TatarstanAcademy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.