Temple of Jupiter Stator (3rd century BC)
Coordinates | 41°53′31″N 12°29′15″E / 41.8920°N 12.4874°E |
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The Temple of Jupiter Stator ("Jupiter the Sustainer")[1] was a sanctuary at the foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome. In Roman legend, it was founded by King Romulus, honoring a pledge he had made during a battle between the Romans and the Sabines. However, no temple was actually built on the site until the early 3rd century BC.
Legend
The
On that spot, according to Livy 1.12.6, probably near or just outside the Porta, Romulus vowed to build the temple, if Jupiter caused the Romans to stop fleeing. And yet in Livy 10.36.11 the same story is told again about the consul Marcus Atilius Regulus, who made a similar vow in a similar situation, when the Romans were losing a battle against the Samnites in 294 BC, but they miraculously turned around, regrouped and held their ground against the enemy. Some scholars believe that the story of the earlier foundation by Romulus was a later pseudo-tradition.[2] Livy himself (10.37.15) explains that the earlier temple was merely a fānum, that is, consecrated ground where a temple was to be built later.
On November 8, 63 BC, it was in this temple, close to the Palatine Hill, that the senate convened to hear the consul
The temple was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome during Nero's reign in July of 64 CE.
Location
Written sources[4] locate the temple just in front of the gate of the Palatine Hill leading to the Sacred Way. For example, Ovid (Fasti 6.794) mentions the temple of Stator "which Romulus once founded in front of the mouth of the Palatine Hill" (quam Romulus olim ante Palatini condidit ora iugi). However, the exact location of this gate, the Porta Mugonia, is not known with absolute certainty.
Livy states that the temple was located near the royal palace at the time of the death of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, near the "new street" (nova via) and that Queen Tanaquil addressed the people from the palace window.[5]
There is a fair amount of consensus on a location just besides the Arch of Titus on the northern slope of the Palatine Hill. When a medieval tower was demolished in 1827, the ruins of an ancient building appeared, and the remains are frequently identified as the foundations of the temple.
The Italian archaeologist
The name Stator
The Latin word Stator (the a is short, cf. Ovid Fasti 6.794, Tristia 3.1.31) has two possible meanings, one "stander, attendant" from the intransitive verb stõ "I stand", the other "he who makes someone stand", from the transitive verb sistõ "I cause to stand".[6] The second meaning is the one intended here. The Oxford Latin Dictionary translates it as "one who establishes or upholds", Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary as "stayer, supporter".
Livy similarly connects the name Stator with the verb sistō in Romulus's prayer to Jupiter made at the moment when Romulus vowed to build a temple: "Take away the Romans' terror, and stay their disgraceful fleeing (dēme terrōrem Rōmānīs fugamque foedam siste); here I vow a temple to you, the Stayer Jupiter, to be a reminder to posterity that the city was saved with your present help."[7] In his account of the year 294 BC, he connects it with cōnsistō "I stand firm": templum Iovī Statōrī vovet, sī cōnstitisset ā fugā Rōmāna aciēs "(Regulus) vowed a temple to Jupiter the Stayer, if the Roman battle line stood firm".[8]
See also
References
- ISBN 0-520-03082-6.
- ^ Watmough (1995/96), p. 88.
- ^ Cicero, Phil. 2.118.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2.50; Livy 1.12.3–6; cf. [Cic.] Exil. 24; Ovid Fasti 6.794; Ovid Tristia 3.1.31–2; Livy 1.41.4; Appian BC 2.11; cf. Huskey (2006), pp. 19. 25.
- Ab urbe condita, 1.41
- ^ Watmough (1995/96), p. 88.
- ^ Livy, 1.12.5.
- ^ Livy 10.36.11.
Further reading
- Huskey, Samuel J. (2006). Ovid's (Mis)Guided Tour of Rome: Some Purposeful Omissions in "Tr." 3.1. The Classical Journal, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 17-39.
- Tomei, Maria Antonietta. 1993. “Sul tempio di Giove Statore al Palatino.” Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome. Antiquité 105: 621–659.
- Watmough, Margaret M. T. (1995/96). "The Suffix -tor-: Agent-Noun Formation in Latin and the Other Italic Languages". Glotta, 1995/1996, pp. 80–115.
- Wiseman, T.P. 2017. "Iuppiter Stator in Palatio. A New Solution to an Old Puzzle." Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch. Inst. Rom. Abt 123: 13–45.
- Ziółkowski, Adam. 1989. “The Sacra Via and the Temple of Iuppiter Stator.” Opuscula Romana XVII: 225–239.