Tonto Apache
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The Tonto Apache (Dilzhę́’é, also Dilzhe'e, Dilzhe’eh Apache) is one of the groups of
The following Tonto Apache tribes are
- Tonto Apache Tribe of Arizona[1]
- Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Arizona[2]
- San Carlos Apache Tribe of the San Carlos Reservation, Arizona[2]
- White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation, Arizona[2]
- Yavapai-Apache Nation of the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, Arizona[2]
Name
Endonym
The name Dilzhę́’é is a Western Apache name that may translate as "people with high-pitched voices," but the etymology is unclear.
The Dilzhe’e Apache refer to themselves (
Exonym
The
The name Tonto is considered offensive by some, due to its etymology and meaning in Spanish, although that usage was derived from their learning the names by which neighboring groups referred to the Dilzhe’e. The name Tonto Apache has been widely used by most people outside the Western Apache communities. The term Tonto is encountered the more frequently in anthropology literature, especially older works, than Dilzhe’e.
History
Interaction with neighboring Yavapai
The Tonto Apache lived alongside the Wipukepa (“People from the Foot of the Red Rock”) and Kewevkapaya, two of the four subgroups of the
Ethnological writings describe some major differences between Yavapai and Tonto Apache peoples. Yavapai were described as taller, of more muscular build, well-proportioned and thickly featured while the Tonto Apaches were slight and less muscular, smaller of stature and finely featured. The Yavapai women were seen as stouter and having "handsomer" faces than the Yuma in the Smithsonian report. Another difference, which could probably not have been noticed at long range, was that the Yavapai were often tattooed, while Apaches seldom had tattoos. Painted designs on faces were different, as were funeral practices. In clothing, Yavapai moccasins were rounded, whereas the Apaches had pointed toes. Both groups were hunter-gatherers, but were so similar here that scholars are seldom able to distinguish between their campsites.[6]
Relations with Apache and other tribes
The Western Apache groups, adjacent Tonto Apache bands and Chiricahua bands lived in relative peace with each other. There were occasional mutual raids, especially against the southern bands of the Chiricahua. The close connection with the Yavapai may have helped inform the dialect Tonto Apache, which is most distinct from the other two Apache dialects.
The Tonto Apache competed more with the
Typically
Reservation life
Yavapai-Apache Nation Indian Reservation
After being relocated to the
By the early 1900s, the Yavapai were drifting away from the San Carlos Reservation. They requested permission to live on the grounds of the original Camp Verde Reservation. In 1910, the US government set aside 40 acres (161,874 m2) as the Camp Verde Indian Reservation, and in the following decade added 248 acres (1,003,620 m2) in two parcels, which became the Middle Verde Indian Reservation. These two reservations were combined in 1937, and the people formed the federally recognized Camp Verde
Today, the reservation spans 665 acres (2.7 km2), in four separate locales.
Fort McDowell Yavapai Reservation
The
Today, the tribal community consists of 900 members, 600 of whom live on the reservation. The Guwevka'ba:ya or Southeastern Yavapai on Fort McDowell Reservation call themselves Aba:ja (″The People"). The population of Fort McDowell consists mostly of the Guwevka'ba:ya Yavapai as well as other Yavapai groups.[14]
Tonto Apache Reservation
The Tonto Apache Reservation, located south of Payson, Arizona (in Apache: Te-go-suk – “Place of the Yellow Water” or “Place of the Yellow Land”) in ancestral territory of one of the principal Dilzhe'e Apache clans – the “People of the Yellow Speckled Water”, was created in 1972 within the Tonto National Forest northeast of Phoenix. It consists of 85 acres (344,000 m2). With the smallest land base of any reservation in the state of Arizona, it serves about 100 tribal members of the 140 total; 110 are enrolled tribal members. The reservation is located adjacent to the town of Payson, in northwestern Gila County, approximately 95 miles northeast of Phoenix and 100 miles southeast of Flagstaff.
The Tonto Apache are the direct descendants of the Dilzhe'e Apache who lived in the Payson vicinity long before the arrival of Europeans. During the first reservation era, they were moved to the large Rio Verde Reserve, near Camp Verde, which was established in 1871 for the Tonto and Wipukepa (Northeastern Yavapai). The U.S. federal government dissolved the reservation in 1875 and forced the people to relocate to the San Carlos Reservation. After 20 years of exile, some Tonto Apache gradually returned to Payson only to find white settlers had taken much of their land. Today, legislation is pending to provide them with trust title to the land on which they reside.[citation needed] The majority of the Tonto Apache, however, had decided to return together with their Yavapai allies and relatives to the Camp Verde Reservation to form the Yavapai-Apache Nation of today.
Western Apache Indian Reservations
Because of their forced relocation in 1875, today some Tonto Apache live in two reserves dominated by other Western Apache groups, the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and Fort Apache Indian Reservation.
Sociopolitical organization
Like the other Western Apache groups, the Tonto Apache were not centrally organized. The smallest social unit was the
Northern Tonto (inhabited the upper reaches of the Verde River and ranged north toward the
- Bald Mountain band, in Apache: Dasziné Dasdaayé Indee (‘Porcupine Sitting Above People’) or in Yavapai: Wiipukepaya local group (′Oak Creek Canyon People′); in English often known as Bald Mountain band (Apache)or as Oak Creek Canyon band (Yavapai). Lived mainly around Bald Mountain or Squaw Peak, on the west side of the Verde Valley, southwest of Camp Verde. They lived entirely by hunting and gathering plant foods.
- Oak Creek band, in Apache: Tsé Hichii Indee (‘Horizontal Red Rock People’) or in Yavapai: Wiipukepaya local group (′Oak Creek Canyon People′); in English often known as Oak Creek band (Apache) or as Oak Creek Canyon band (Yavapai). Lived near today´s Sedona, along Oak Creek, Dry Beaver Creek, Wet Beaver Creek and southward to the west side of the Verde River between Altnan and West Clear Creek, eastward to Stoneman's and Mary's Lakes, and northward to Roger's Lake and Flagstaff.
- Fossil Creek band, in Apache: Tú Dotłʼizh Indee (‘Blue Water People,i.e. Fossil Creek People’) or in Yavapai Matkitwawipa band (′People of the Upper Verde River Valley (in Yavapai: Matkʼamvaha)′) Lived along and had a few tiny farms on Fossil Creek, Clear Creek and-a site on the Verde River below the mouth of Deer Creek, they hunted and gathered west of the Verde River, northwest to the Oak Creek band territory and northeast to Apache Maid Mountain.
- Mormon Lake band, in Apache: Dotłʼizhi HaʼitʼIndee (‘Turquoise Road Coming Up People’) Lived east of Mormon Lake near the head of Anderson's Canyon and ranged up to the southern foot of the San Francisco Mountains, at Elden Mountain near Flagstaff, around Mormon, Mary's, Stoneman's and Hay Lakes, and at Anderson and Padre Canyons. Because they were exposed to the hostile Navajo on the north and east, they depended entirely on hunting and gathering wild plant foods for sustenance. Only the Mormon Lake band was composed entirely of Tonto Apache.
Southern Tonto (lived in the Tonto Basin from the Salt River in south northward along and over the East Verde River, including the Sierra Ancha, Bradshaw Mountains and Mazatzal Mountains – like the Northern Tonto Apache with the Wi:pukba/Wipukepaya – they formed with the Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya bands of Yavapai bilingual mixed-tribal Southern Tonto Apache-Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya bands with common headmen.)
- Mazatzal band, in Apache: Tsé Nołtłʼizhn (‘Rocks in a Line of Greenness People’) or in Yavapai by two names: Hakayopa clan or Hichapulvapa clan Lived mainly in the eastern slopes of Mazatzal Mountains.
- Tsé Nołtłʼizhn' (Apache name) or in Yavapai: Hakayopa clan (‚Cottonwood People‘);[15] in English simply known as Mazatzal band (Apache). Claimed the area around the community Sunflower Valley, the Mazatzal Mountains south of its highest peak, Mazatzal Peak (2.409 m), and to the east in the area around the former Fort Camp Camp Reno in the western Tonto Basin (also called Pleasant Valley).
- Tsé Nołtłʼizhn' (Apache name) or in Yavapai: Hichapulvapa clan (‚bunch-of-wood-sticking-up People‘); in English simply known as Mazatzal band (Apache). They claimed the Mazatzal Mountains southward from East Verde River and westward from North Peak to Mazatzal Peak.
- Dil Zhęʼé semi-band, in Apache: Dilzhę́’é, Dil Zhe`é (‘People with high-pitched voices’) or in Yavapai: Matkawatapa clan (‚red-strata-country People, i.e. Sierra Ancha People‘) The Dil Zhęʼé semi-band are the first and most important semi-band under which name the five remaining semi-bands were known, some Dil Zhęʼé of Sierra Ancha formed with members of the Walkamepa band a bilingual unit known to its Yavapai-speaking members as Matkawatapa.
- second semi-band
- third semi-band
- fourth semi-band
- fifth semi-band
- sixth semi-band
Chiefs of the Tonto Apache
Tonto leader (bilingual Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache or Kwevkepaya-Pinaleno-Apache leader)
- Delshay (Delshe, Delchea, Delacha - ‘Big Rump’, in Yavapai Wah-poo-eta or Wapotehe, Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache leader, his bilingual mixed band of the Matkawatapa local group of the Walkamepa-Kwevkepaya and Southern Tonto-Apache with about 200 members lived in the Sierra Ancha with their western limit forming the Tonto Creek and in the east Cherry Creek, but often they were reported living in the Mazatzal Mountains west of their core range, not to be confused with Wah-poo-eta, * about 1835; was involved in the killing of Lt. Jacob Almy at San Carlos in 1873 and fled after the murder along with Chuntz, Cochinay, and Chan-deisi into the wilderness, was tracked down by Apache scouts under Desalin and killed on 29. July 1874, his head together with 76 captured Kwevkepaya-Tonto were brought in Camp McDowell)
- Wah-poo-eta (Wapotehe, Wapooita - ‘Big Rump’, in Apache Delacha or Delshe, Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache leader, about 750 band members, mostly Kwevkepaya and some Southern Tonto-Apache of the Mazatzal band, his band living in the southern Mazatzal Mountains was known to be the largest and fiercest band, because he refused to make peace with the Americans little is known about him, not to be confused with Delshay, *?; killed † 15. August 1869 by a band of 44 Maricopa and Akimel O'odham under the Maricopa war leader Juan Chivaria in Castle Creek Canyon)
- US ArmyCharlie Pan, Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache leader, was himself a Southern Tonto-Apache of the Mazatzal band, his band consisted mostly of Wikedjasapa-Kwevkepaya, his Apache following belonged to the Mazatzal and four of the six semi-bands of the Southern Tonto, his band of about 100 people lived southwest of Green Valley and south of the East Verde River, about ten miles east of the Verde River into the northern slopes of the Mazatzal Mountains, therefore they could easily raid in the Prescott and Wickenburg areas)
- Ashcavotil (Ascavotil, in Apache Escavotil, Kwevkepaya-Pinaleno-Apache leader, his band of about 200 warriors was living east of Cherry Creek southward along both sides of the Salt River and in the Pinaleno Mountains, next to Wah-poo-eta he was the most warlike leader in central Arizona, heavily armed and well supplied with ammunition from Apache on the Fort Goodwin reservation, his warriors raided and warred as far south as Tucson, Sacaton and Camp Grant)
- Oshkolte (Hascalté, Has-Kay-Ah-Yol-Tel, Tonto-Apache-Kwevkepaya leader, to his band belonged 70 warriors, 20 women and 20 children, his band – made up mostly of Southern Tonto-Apache and some Kwevkepaya – ranged on both sides of the Tonto Creek north to the East Verde River and south to the Salt River, close ally of Ashcavotil and Wah-poo-eta, his warriors were well armed but depended on Ashcavotil and Wah-poo-eta for ammunition, lived east of the Four Peaks in the Mazatzal Mountains towards the Salt River, killed † March 1873)
- CaptainWilliam H. Brown and 30 Indian Scouts, killed 76 men, women and children, 15 more were dying, only 18 women and 6 children survived and were taken into captivity)
- Skiitlanoyah (Skitianoyah, in Yavapai Skitlavisyah, Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache leader, his mixed band of about 80 people resided north of Delshay's band between the middle East Verde River and the upper Tonto Creek north to the Mogollon Rim)
- Piyahgonte (Pi-yah-gon-te, Yavapai-Tonto-Apache leader in the 1860s and 1870s, with his band of about 75 people he was living along both sides of the upper East Verde River north to the Mogollon Rim, he was believed to be responsible for the most of the depredations around Prescott)
- Natatotel (Natokel or Notokel, Kwevkepaya-Tonto-Apache leader, killed † June 1873)
Tonto-Apache leader
- Chuntz (Chunz, Tonto Apache leader, fled after the San Carlos outbreak in 1873 along with Delshay, Cochinay, and Chan-deisi into the wilderness, was tracked down and killed in July 1874 in the Santa Catalina Mountains by Apache scouts under Tonto Apache (or White Mountain?) leader Desalin, his head with six of his last supporters were brought into San Carlos on 25. July 1874 and displayed for several days on the parade ground)
- Chan-deisi (‘Broken Nose’, also known as She-shet, called by George Crook John Daisy, Tonto Apache leader, was a discharged scout who belonged to Cochinay's band, fled after the murder of Lt. Jacob Almy at San Carlos in 1873 along with Chuntz, Cochinay, and Delshay into the wilderness, killed on 12. June 1874 by Indian scouts, decapitated and his head was brought into Camp Apache)
- Cochinay (‘Yellow Thunder’, Tonto Apache leader, fled after the murder of Lt. Jacob Almy at San Carlos in 1873 along with Chuntz, Delshay, and Chan-deisi into the wilderness, was caught and killed by Indian scouts in the latter part of May 1874, decapitated and his head was brought into San Carlos on 26. May 1874)
- Naqui-Naquis (Tonto Apache leader, killed † June 1873)
- Ba-coon (Bacon or Bocan – “Big Mouth”, also called Eskimo-tzin, Esqinosquin or Esquimosquin, Tonto Apache leader and later Apache Scout, †1874)
See also
- Western Apache
- Yavapai-Apache Nation
- Southern Athabaskan languages
References
- ^ a b "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register. 87: 4636–4641. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Tribal Governments by Area: Western." Archived 2012-02-28 at the Wayback Machine National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
- ^ Etymology
- ^ The Verde River: Jewel of the Southwest Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-8032-2242-7
- ^ The Apaches and Yavapai, Crucial Differences Between Them Archived 2012-11-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pritzker, p. 104
- ^ Salzmann, p. 59
- ^ Braatz, p. 221
- ^ "Official website of the Yavapai-Apache Nation". Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ Part Two – Arizona Indian Tribes Preserved Their Identities
- ^ Yavapai-Apache Nation Archived 2003-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, ITCA
- ^ Hoxie, p. 457
- ^ "Yavapai History". Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ the Guwevkabaya/Kwevkepaya were the only Yavapai who had clans, the clans were probably taken over through contact with their Southern Tonto and San Carlos Apache neighbors and kin
Further reading
- Goodwin, Grenville (1971). Western Apache Raiding and Warfare, Basso, Keith H. (Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-8165-0297-8
- Donald E. Worcester (1992).The Apaches – Eagles of the Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-1495-9(engl.)
- Nikolaus Baumhauer (1993). Die Apachen: Entstehung der Rivalität, Verlag für Amerikanistik, ISBN 3-924696-88-8
- James L. Haley (1981). Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, ISBN 0-8061-2978-6
- Ian. W. Record (1971). Big Sycamore Stands Alone: The Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the Struggle for Place, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, ISBN 978-0-8061-3972-2
- de Reuse, Willem J. (2006). A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. ISBN 3-89586-861-2.
- Goodwin, Grenville (1942). The Social Organization of the Western Apache. Goodwin, Janice T. (Ed.). The University of Chicago publications in anthropology: Ethnological series. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [reprinted 1969 by Tucson: University of Arizona Press].
External links
- National Park Service
- Tonto Apache Tribe, Arizona Intertribal Council
- Mazatzal Hotel & Casino - Tonto Apache Tribe
- Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation website