Treaties of Roskilde (1568)

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Not to be confused with the 1658 treaty of Roskilde.

Treaties of Roskilde
The procession to Frederiksborg Castle for the peace banquet following the signing of the Treaty of Roskilde
TypeTrilateral treaty
ContextNorthern Seven Years' War
Drafted18 and 22 November 1568
ConditionNot ratified
Parties

The Treaties of

Swedish Estonia. Thus, the war dragged on until it was concluded by the Treaty of Stettin (1570)
.

Background

Parties
Frederik II of Denmark (left), Lübeck bürgermeister Christoph Tode (centre) and Duke John of Finland, since 1569 king John III of Sweden
(right)

After the Swedish King

Frederik II of Denmark was unable to exploit the inner-Swedish conflict, as his treasury was drained by the costs of his German mercenary armies, on which he had relied throughout the war,[3] and the rebuilding of the Danish navy, finished by the summer of 1567, after a large part of it had sunk in a storm in July 1566.[4] Furthermore, duke John maintained amicable relations to Sigismund II Augustus of Poland–Lithuania, thwarting hopes for an anti-Swedish alliance in the contemporary Livonian War.[3]

Terms

Danish delegation
From left to right: chancellor Johan Friis, his secretary Niels Kaas (who later became chancellor himself), hofmester Peder Oxe (Rosenkrantz and Bilde not shown)

The Swedish delegation in Roskilde consented to all Danish and Lübeck demands.

Rosenkrantz of Boller, governor in North Jutland), Peder Billde (Bilde of Svanholm, commander of Callundborg) and Nils Kaass (Kaas of Taarupgaard, secretary).[5]

In the treaty between Lübeck and Sweden, the latter confirmed Lübeck's privileges[6] as of 1523,[2][nb 1] and restored peace between the parties.[6] The draft was signed on 22 November 1568 by the same Swedish and Danish envoys who signed the Dano-Swedish agreement, and in addition, by Christoffer Thode (Christoph Tode), Calixtus Schein and Frederijck Kuevell for Lübeck as well as by Caspar Paselick, who signed for Denmark.[7]

Consequences

By accepting the Danish terms, the members of the Swedish delegation had exceeded their competence, and John (III) refused to ratify the treaties.[2] John had his refusal backed up by a declaration from a Riksdag of the Estates summoned in Stockholm: Frederick II was to receive "powder, lead and pikes" instead of war reparations.[8]

Likewise, Frederick II summoned a Danish riksdag, the only one summoned between 1536 and 1627,

Reval (Tallinn), the principal city in Swedish Estonia, for eleven days in July 1569;[9] In November of the same year, Danish land forces had re-captured Varberg Fortress from the Swedish defendants but lost their commanders Daniel Rantzau and Franz Brokenhuus during the siege.[10]

Lübeck, in addition to war costs and losses amounting to more than 300,000 talers, lost much of her pre-war Swedish trade to other Hanseatic cities.[2] On 13 December 1570, the parties finally settled for peace in the treaty of Stettin.[11]

Notes

  1. ^ In 1523, Lübeck was an ally of Sweden in the war against Denmark."WHKMLA : Swedish War of Liberation, 1521–1523". www.zum.de. Retrieved 2018-05-01.

Sources

References

  1. ^ Crichton & Wheaton (1838), p. 29.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts (1968), p. 251.
  3. ^ a b Roberts (1968), p. 250.
  4. ^ Frost (2000), p. 35.
  5. ^ Odhner et al. (1897), p. 105; Regesta diplomatica ... (1870), p. 288.
  6. ^ a b Bes (2007), p. 498.
  7. ^ Odhner et al. (1897), p. 244.
  8. ^ Bain (1905), p. 82.
  9. ^ a b c d Frost (2000), p. 38.
  10. ^ Crichton & Wheaton (1838), p. 30.
  11. ^ Frost (2000), pp. 13, 37 ff.

Bibliography

External links

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