Stockholm

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Coordinates: 59°19′46″N 18°4′7″E / 59.32944°N 18.06861°E / 59.32944; 18.06861
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Stockholm
Clockwise from top: Gamla stan; Stockholm City Hall; Kastellet; Kista Science Tower; Avicii Arena; and Stockholm Palace
Stockholm is located in European Union
Stockholm
Stockholm
Location within the European Union#Europe#Earth
Coordinates: 59°19′46″N 18°4′7″E / 59.32944°N 18.06861°E / 59.32944; 18.06861
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
100 00-199 99
Area code+46-8
Websitewww.stockholm.se

Stockholm (Swedish: 

Stockholm archipelago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC, and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl. It is also the county seat of Stockholm County. For several hundred years, Stockholm was the capital of Finland as well (Finnish: Tukholma), which was then a part of Sweden. The population of the municipality of Stockholm is expected to reach one million people in 2024.[11]

Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country's

Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is well known for the decor of its stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world.[20][21][22] Sweden's national football arena is located north of the city centre, in Solna. Avicii Arena, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics
.

Stockholm is the seat of the

Royal Family's private residence.[29][30]

History and name

Main article: History of Stockholm
Detail of engraving of Stockholm from Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna by Erik Dahlbergh and Willem Swidde
, printed in 1693
Panorama over Stockholm c. 1868 as seen from a hot air balloon
Stockholm in 1917

After the Ice Age, around 8000 BC, there were already many people living in what is today the Stockholm area, but as temperatures dropped, inhabitants moved south. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable and the lands became fertile, people began to migrate back to the North. At the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive trade impact on the area because of the trade routes they created.

Stockholm's location appears in

Eric Chronicles the city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from sea invasions made by Karelians after the pillage of Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren in the summer of 1187.[31]

Stockholm's core, the present Old Town (

Gamla Stan) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League. Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time.[32]
Between 1296 and 1478 Stockholm's City Council was made up of 24 members, half of whom were selected from the town's German-speaking burghers.

The strategic and economic importance of the city made Stockholm an important factor in relations between the Danish Kings of the Kalmar Union and the national independence movement in the 15th century. The Danish King Christian II was able to enter the city in 1520. On 8 November 1520, a massacre of opposition figures called the Stockholm Bloodbath took place and set off further uprisings that eventually led to the breakup of the Kalmar Union. With the accession of Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the establishment of royal power, the population of Stockholm began to grow, reaching 10,000 by 1600.

The 17th century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634, Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and Scandinavian territories. In 1697, Tre Kronor (castle) burned and was replaced by Stockholm Palace.

Throughout Sweden's history, walls were created in Stockholm to defend the city from attacks. These defensive walls were modified throughout the 13th to the 16th century. In 1625, the Great Stockholm Fire of 1625 destroyed the southwestern section of Stadsholmen, an island in the centre of Stockholm.[33] The amount of destruction led to the beginning of the demolition of the Stockholm walls. Today, most of the younger city walls cannot be found anywhere above ground. However, parts of the northern city walls are preserved in the Museum of Medieval Stockholm.

In 1710, a

Gustav III
.

Stockholm City Centre
after the 1960s

By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly through

General Art and Industrial Exposition was held in 1897. From 1887 to 1953 the Old Stockholm telephone tower
was a landmark; originally built to link phone lines, it became redundant after these were buried, and it was later used for advertising.

Stockholm became a modern, technologically advanced, and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during the modernist era, including substantial parts of the historical district of Klara, and replaced with modern architecture. However, in many other parts of Stockholm (such as in Gamla stan, Södermalm, Östermalm, Kungsholmen and Vasastan), many "old" buildings, blocks and streets built before the modernism and functionalism movements took off in Sweden (around 1930–35) survived this era of demolition. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from industrial activities into more high-tech and service industry areas.

Stockholm's metropolitan area is one of the fastest-growing regions in Europe, and its population is expected to number 2.5 million by 2024. In 2020 alone, Stockholm's population increased by 1,477.[35] As a result of this massive population growth, there has been a proposal to build densely packed high-rise buildings in the city centre connected by elevated walkways.[36]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Stockholm
Norrmalm with the central station in the foreground, Stockholms ström
, Riddarholmen
with the Old Town, and again Riddarfjärden with Södermalm.

Location

Stockholm is located on Sweden's east coast, where the freshwater

Stockholm archipelago. The geographical city centre is situated on the water, in Riddarfjärden
bay. Over 30% of the city area is made up of waterways and another 30% is made up of parks and green spaces.

Positioned at the eastern end of the Central Swedish lowland, the city's location reflects the early orientation of Swedish trade toward the Baltic region.[37]

Stockholm belongs to the Temperate deciduous forest biome, which means the climate is very similar to that of the far northeastern area of the United States and coastal Nova Scotia in Canada. The average annual temperature is 7.9 °C (46 °F). The average rainfall is 531 mm (21 in) per year. The deciduous forest has four distinct seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In the autumn the leaves change color. During the winter months, the trees lose their leaves.

For details about the other municipalities in the Stockholm area, see the pertinent articles. North of Stockholm Municipality: Järfälla, Solna, Täby, Sollentuna, Lidingö, Upplands Väsby, Österåker, Sigtuna, Sundbyberg, Danderyd, Vallentuna, Ekerö, Upplands-Bro, Vaxholm, and Norrtälje. South of Stockholm: Huddinge, Nacka, Botkyrka, Haninge, Tyresö, Värmdö, Södertälje, Salem, Nykvarn and Nynäshamn.

Satellite image of Stockholm in 2018 by ESA

Stockholm Municipality

Main article: Stockholm Municipality

Stockholm Municipality is an administrative unit defined by geographical borders. The semi-official name for the municipality is City of Stockholm (Stockholms stad in Swedish).[38] As a municipality, the City of Stockholm is subdivided into district councils, which carry responsibility for primary schools, social, leisure and cultural services within their respective areas. The municipality is usually described in terms of its three main parts: Innerstaden (Stockholm City Centre), Söderort (Southern Stockholm) and Västerort (Western Stockholm). The districts of these parts are:

Stockholm City Centre

Söderort

Västerort

The modern centre

Norrmalm (concentrated around the town square Sergels torg) is the largest shopping district in Sweden.[39]
It is the most central part of Stockholm in business and shopping.

Climate

Stockholm has a humid continental climate in the 0 °C isotherm (Köppen: Dfb)[40][41] and an oceanic climate (Cfb) in the -3 °C isotherm. Although winters are cold, average temperatures generally remain above 0 °C for much of the year. Summers are pleasantly warm, and precipitation occurs throughout the year.[42]

Due to the city's high northerly latitude, the length of the day varies widely from more than 18 hours around midsummer to only around 6 hours in late December. The nights from late May until mid-July are bright even when cloudy. Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at a similar latitude, or even farther south. With an average of 1900 hours of sunshine per year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Northern Europe, receiving more sunshine than Paris, London and a few other major European cities of a more southerly latitude. Because of the urban heat island effect and the prevailing wind travelling overland rather than sea during summer months, Stockholm has the warmest July months of the Nordic capitals. Stockholm has an annual average snow cover between 75 and 100 days.[43]

Despite its mild climate, Stockholm is located further north than parts of Canada that are above the Arctic tree line at sea level.[44]

Summers average daytime high temperatures of 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) and lows of around 13 °C (55 °F), but temperatures can reach 30 °C (86 °F) on some days. Days above 30 °C (86 °F) occur on average 1.55 days per year (1992–2011).[45] Days between 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) are relatively common especially in July and August. Night-time lows of above 20 °C (68 °F) are rare, and hot summer nights vary from 17 to 18 °C (63 to 64 °F). Winters generally bring cloudy weather with the most precipitation falling in December and January (as either rain or snow). The average winter temperatures range from −3 to −1 °C (27 to 30 °F), and occasionally drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) in the outskirts of the city. Spring and autumn are generally cool to mild.

The climate table below presents weather data from the years 1991–2020. According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during the years 1991–2020 as compared with the last series, from 1961 to 1990. This increase averages about 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) in January.[46] For the 2002–2014 measurements some further increases have been found, although some months such as June have been relatively flat.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Stockholm was 36 °C (97 °F) on 3 July 1811; the lowest was −32 °C (−26 °F) on 20 January 1814.[47] The temperature has not dropped to below −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) since 10 January 1987.[48][49]

The warmest month ever recorded was July 2018 with a mean temperature of 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) which is also the nationwide record.

Annual precipitation is 546.4 mm (21.51 in) with around 170 wet days and light to moderate rainfall throughout the year. The precipitation is not uniformly distributed throughout the year. The second half of the year receives 50% more than the first half. Snowfall occurs mainly from December through March. Snowfall may occasionally occur in late October as well as in April.

In Stockholm, the

aurora borealis
can occasionally be observed.

Climate data for Stockholm (Observatorielunden), 1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1901
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		12.2
(54.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		27.9
(82.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		35.4
(95.7)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		22.4
(72.3) 		15.8
(60.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.5
(47.3) 		30.6
(87.1)
Average high °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.4
(41.7) 		2.5
(36.5) 		11.3
(52.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.4
(52.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.1
(55.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.6
(38.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.9
(46.2)
Average low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.2
(57.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		5.0
(41.0)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −11.2
(11.8) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−13.7
(7.3)
Record low °C (°F) −28.2
(−18.8) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−28.2
(−18.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.0
(1.46) 		29.4
(1.16) 		27.3
(1.07) 		29.2
(1.15) 		34.0
(1.34) 		61.7
(2.43) 		61.5
(2.42) 		66.2
(2.61) 		53.3
(2.10) 		51.4
(2.02) 		47.6
(1.87) 		47.8
(1.88) 		546.4
(21.51)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 23.3
(9.2) 		25.6
(10.1) 		18.1
(7.1) 		5.9
(2.3) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.8
(0.7) 		6.6
(2.6) 		20.3
(8.0) 		102.7
(40.4)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40.3 73.5 136.4 186.0 275.9 291.0 260.4 220.1 153.0 99.2 54.0 34.1 1,823.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 1.3 2.6 4.4 6.2 8.9 9.7 8.4 7.1 5.1 3.2 1.8 1.1 5.0
Mean daily daylight hours 7.0 9.3 11.9 14.5 17.0 18.5 17.7 15.5 12.8 10.2 7.7 6.2 12.4
Percent possible sunshine 19 28 37 43 52 52 47 46 40 31 23 18 36
Average ultraviolet index 0 1 1 3 4 5 5 4 3 1 0 0 2
Source 1: SMHI Open Data [50] SMHI 1991-2020 normals [51]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (sunshine, uv data) [52]
Climate data for Stockholm (
Bromma Airport
). 1991–2020 normals and extremes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.5
(52.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.6
(83.5) 		30.8
(87.4) 		34.2
(93.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		34.2
(93.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.6
(54.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		27.5
(81.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.6
(45.7) 		29.8
(85.6)
Average high °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		5.3
(41.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		11.3
(52.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		1.2
(34.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.2
(45.0) 		3.2
(37.8) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.4
(45.3)
Average low °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.7
(42.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.7
(47.7) 		4.1
(39.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.7
(38.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −14.8
(5.4) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.6
(47.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−17.5
(0.5)
Record low °C (°F) −24.7
(−12.5) 		−23.6
(−10.5) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−24.0
(−11.2) 		−24.7
(−12.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36.7
(1.44) 		29.5
(1.16) 		28.0
(1.10) 		29.5
(1.16) 		33.6
(1.32) 		59.2
(2.33) 		57.6
(2.27) 		65.9
(2.59) 		50.2
(1.98) 		50.0
(1.97) 		47.9
(1.89) 		49.1
(1.93) 		537.4
(21.16)
Source 1: SMHI Open Data [53]
Source 2: SMHI 1991-2020 normals [54]
Climate data for Stockholm (2002–2022 averages & extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		17.4
(63.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		34.8
(94.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.3
(82.9) 		30.2
(86.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		31.1
(88.0)
Average high °C (°F) 0.9
(33.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		5.2
(41.4) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		11.6
(52.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		8.4
(47.1)
Average low °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		5.2
(41.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −11.1
(12.0) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−13.7
(7.3)
Record low °C (°F) −19.3
(−2.7) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		7.8
(46.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−18.5
(−1.3) 		−21.0
(−5.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40.7
(1.60) 		30.6
(1.20) 		24.1
(0.95) 		22.7
(0.89) 		39.5
(1.56) 		62.3
(2.45) 		57.2
(2.25) 		70.1
(2.76) 		45.1
(1.78) 		50.6
(1.99) 		48.1
(1.89) 		45.3
(1.78) 		536.3
(21.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 40 74 167 236 275 292 284 239 174 102 46 34 1,963
Source 1: SMHI Open Data[55]
Source 2: SMHI Monthly Data 2002–2022[56]

Daylight hours

Stockholm's location just south of the 60th parallel north means that the number of daylight hours is relatively small during winter – about six hours – while in June and the first half of July, the nights are relatively short, with about 18 hours of daylight. Around the

nautical twilight. Also, when looking straight up towards the zenith, few stars are visible after the sun has gone down. This is not to be confused with the midnight sun, which occurs north of the Arctic Circle
, around 7 degrees farther north.

City governance

See also: Stockholm Municipality
The municipal council chamber (Swedish: Rådssalen), inside Stockholm City Hall

The Stockholm

county councils. The Council convenes twice every month at Stockholm City Hall, and the meetings are open to the public. The matters on which the councillors decide have generally already been drafted and discussed by various boards and committees. Once decisions are referred for practical implementation, the employees of the City administrations and companies take over.[58]

The elected majority has a Mayor and eight Vice Mayors. The Mayor and each majority Vice Mayor is the head of a department, with responsibility for a particular area of operation, such as City Planning. The opposition also has four Vice Mayors, but they hold no executive power. Together the Mayor and the 12 Vice Mayors form the Council of Mayors, and they prepare matters for the City Executive Board. The Mayor holds a special position among the Vice Mayors, chairing both the Council of Mayors and the City Executive Board.[58]

The City Executive Board (Swedish: Kommunstyrelsen) is elected by the City Council and is equivalent to a cabinet. The City Executive Board renders an opinion in all matters decided by the council and bears the overall responsibility for follow-up, evaluation and execution of its decisions. The Board is also responsible for financial administration and long-term development. The City Executive Board consists of 13 members, who represent both the majority and the opposition. Its meetings are not open to the public.[58]

Following the

Anna Konig Jerlmyr from the Moderate Party
.

Victoria Tower is one of the tallest buildings in Stockholm, located in Kista
.
Headquarters of Ericsson

The vast majority of Stockholm residents work in the service industry, which accounts for roughly 85% of jobs in Stockholm. The almost total absence of heavy industry (and fossil fuel power plants) makes Stockholm one of the world's cleanest metropolises. The last decade has seen a significant number of jobs created in high technology companies. Large employers include IBM, Ericsson, and Electrolux. A major IT centre is located in Kista, in northern Stockholm.

Stockholm is Sweden's financial centre. Major Swedish banks, such as

Stockholm Stock Exchange (Stockholmsbörsen). Additionally, about 45% of Swedish companies with more than 200 employees are headquartered in Stockholm.[59] Noted clothes retailer H&M is also headquartered in the city. In recent years, tourism has played an important part in the city's economy. Stockholm County is ranked as the 10th largest visitor destination in Europe, with over 10 million commercial overnight stays per year. Among 44 European cities, Stockholm had the 6th highest growth in the number of nights spent in the period 2004–2008.[60]

The largest companies in Stockholm, by number of employees (2017):[61]

Fibre-optic network

The city-owned company Stokab started in 1994 to build a fibre-optic network throughout the municipality as a level playing field for all operators (City of Stockholm, 2011). Around a decade later, the network was 1.2 million kilometres (0.7 million miles) long, making it the longest optical fibre network in the world and now has over 90 operators and 450 enterprises as customers. 2011 was the final year of a three-year project which brought fibre to 100% of public housing, meaning an extra 95,000 houses were added. (City of Stockholm, 2011)

Education

Main article: Education in Stockholm
Stockholm School of Economics

Research and higher education in the sciences started in Stockholm in the 18th century, with education in medicine and various research institutions such as the Stockholm Observatory. The medical education was eventually formalized in 1811 as Karolinska Institutet. KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Swedish: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan) was founded in 1827 and is Scandinavia's largest higher education institute of technology with 13,000 students. Stockholm University, founded in 1878 with university status granted in 1960, has 52,000 students as of 2008. It also incorporates historical institutions, such as the Observatory, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, and the botanical garden Bergianska trädgården. The Stockholm School of Economics, founded in 1909, is one of the few private institutions of higher education in Sweden.

In the

Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institut
(the University College of Music Education).

The

Metropolitan Stockholm
, to balance the many institutions located in the northern part of the region.

Other institutes of higher education are:

The biggest complaints from students of higher education in Stockholm are the lack of student accommodations, the difficulty in finding other accommodations and the high rent.[62][63]

Demographics

Stockholm (municipality) population pyramid in 2022
Origin makeup of Stockholm by single year ages in 2022
Estimated population, 1252–1775
YearPop.±% p.a.
1252100—    
12893,000+9.63%
14606,000+0.41%
15007,000+0.39%
15233,000−3.62%
15829,000+1.88%
16009,000+0.00%
YearPop.±% p.a.
163516,000+1.66%
165030,000+4.28%
168560,000+2.00%
170040,000−2.67%
172548,800+0.80%
175058,400+0.72%
177572,300+0.86%
Source: Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor AB Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005, p. 55
Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1800–Present
YearPop.±%
180075,800—    
181065,600−13.5%
182075,700+15.4%
183080,400+6.2%
184083,600+4.0%
185093,070+11.3%
1860109,878+18.1%
1870133,597+21.6%
1880167,868+25.7%
1890245,331+46.1%
1900300,523+22.5%
1910343,832+14.4%
YearPop.±%
1920419,788+22.1%
1930502,203+19.6%
1940590,543+17.6%
1950744,562+26.1%
1960808,603+8.6%
1970744,911−7.9%
1980647,214−13.1%
1990674,452+4.2%
2000750,348+11.3%
2010847,073+12.9%
2020975,551+15.2%
Source: Stockholms Stads Utrednings- och Statistikkontor AB Befolkningen i Stockholm 1252–2005, p. 55

The Stockholm region is home to around 22% of Sweden's total population, and accounts for about 29% of its gross domestic product.[64] The geographical notion of "Stockholm" has changed over time. By the turn of the 19th century, Stockholm largely consisted of the area today known as City Centre, roughly 35 km2 (14 sq mi) or one-fifth of the current municipal area. In the ensuing decades several other areas were incorporated (such as Brännkyrka Municipality in 1913, at which time it had 25,000 inhabitants, and Spånga in 1949). The municipal border was established in 1971; with the exception of Hansta, in 1982 purchased by Stockholm Municipality from Sollentuna Municipality and today a nature reserve.[65]

Population by country of birth (2021)[66]
Country Population
Total residents 978,770
 Sweden 726,020
Foreign-born 252,750 (25.8%)
 Iraq 16,004
 Finland 15,289
 Iran 12,557
 Poland 11,613
 Yugoslavia 10,066
 India 8,659
 Somalia 8,447
 Turkey 7,743
 Syria 7,193
 China 6,892
 Eritrea 6,577
 United Kingdom 6,035
 Germany 5,388
 Ethiopia 5,253
 United States 5,232
 Chile 5,204
 Afghanistan 4,898
 Greece 4,867
 Russia 4,151
 Thailand 4,052

The population was 975,551 in 2020 and is projected to reach 1,079,213 by 2030. 482,982 of the inhabitants were men and 492,569 women The average age is 39 years; 40.1% of the population is between 20 and 44 years. 411 273 people, or 42.2% of the population, over the age 15 were unmarried. 268,291 people, or 27.5% of the population, were married. 104,099 or 10.7% of the population, had been married but divorced.[67]

As of December 2021, there were 252,750 foreign-born people in Stockholm, making up 25.8% of the population. Around 57.5% of them (143,167) immigrated to Sweden when they were at least 10 years old. 109,213 (43.9%) of them were foreign citizens. The largest nationality groups among the foreign-born people were the Iraqis (16,137), followed by Finns (15,693), Iranians (12,329) and Poles (11,569). 336,275 residents of Stockholm had a foreign-background, 34.4% of the population.[68]

Residents of Stockholm are known as Stockholmers ("stockholmare"). Languages spoken in Greater Stockholm outside of Swedish include Finnish, one of the official minority languages of Sweden; and English, as well as Albanian, Bosnian, Syriac, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish, Persian, Somali, Dutch, Spanish, Serbian and Croatian.

Stockholm has been home to a significant

Sami languages have a protected minority status in Stockholm. This gives the right to use their language when contacting authorities, as well as the right to child and elderly care in their languages. Romani chib and Yiddish are also recognized minority languages, and have a strengthened right to their language in education.[71]

The entire

Stockholm metropolitan area, consisting of 26 municipalities, has a population of over 2.2 million,[72] making it the most populous region in the Nordic countries.[73] The Stockholm urban area, defined only for statistical purposes, had a total population of 1,630,738 in 2015. In the following municipalities some of the districts are contained within the Stockholm urban area, though not all:[5][6]

Stockholm urban area municipalities
Municipality Population (Year)
Stockholm 986,340 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Botkyrka 95,414 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Danderyd 32,636 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Haninge 98,175 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Huddinge 114,447 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Järfälla 85,878 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Nacka 110,000 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Sollentuna 76,239 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Solna 85,326 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Sundbyberg 54,425 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Tyresö 49,261 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Stockholm Municipality population development years 1570–2012[74]

Religion

The Swedish church consists of 27 parishes in Stockholm with almost 50 churches, but also a large number of churches belonging to the free church.

Stockholm has six mosques.[75]

There are three active synagogues and a community of 4,300 members in Stockholm, which corresponds to 0.4% of Stockholm's population.[76] It is the largest Jewish community in Scandinavia.

Culture

Main article: Culture in Stockholm

Apart from being Sweden's capital, Stockholm houses many national cultural institutions. The Stockholm region is home to three of Sweden's World Heritage Sites – spots judged as invaluable places that belong to all of humanity: The Drottningholm Palace, Skogskyrkogården (The Woodland Cemetery) and Birka.[30][77][78] In 1998, Stockholm was named European Capital of Culture.

Literature

Authors connected to Stockholm include the poet and songwriter Carl Michael Bellman (1740–1795), novelist and dramatist August Strindberg (1849–1912), and novelist Hjalmar Söderberg (1869–1941), all of whom made Stockholm part of their works.

Martin Beck is a fictional Swedish police detective from Stockholm, who is the main character in a series of 10 novels by Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö, collectively titled The Story of a Crime, and often based in Stockholm.

Other authors with notable heritage in Stockholm were the Nobel Prize laureate Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) and the popular poet and composer Evert Taube (1890–1976). The novelist Per Anders Fogelström (1917–1998) wrote a popular series of historical novels depicting life in Stockholm from the mid-18th to the mid-20th century.

Astrid Lindgren lived and worked in Stockholm. Her work Karlson on the Roof is situated close to where she lived in Vasastan, near Vasaparken.

Architecture

Strandvägen as seen from the island of Djurgården
Djurgårdsbron
bridge
Stockholm Public Library, designed by architect Gunnar Asplund
Main article:
Architecture in Stockholm
See also: Historical fires of Stockholm
View of Stockholm from Avicii Arena

The city's oldest section is Gamla stan (Old Town), located on the original small islands of the city's earliest settlements and still featuring the

Riddarhuset (the House of Nobility), the Bonde Palace, the Tessin Palace and the Oxenstierna Palace
.

The oldest building in Stockholm is the

Riddarholmskyrkan from the late 13th century. After a fire in 1697 when the original medieval castle was destroyed, Stockholm Palace was erected in a baroque style. Storkyrkan
Cathedral, the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Stockholm, stands next to the castle. It was founded in the 13th century but is clad in a baroque exterior dating to the 1730-40s.

As early as the 15th century, the city had expanded outside of its original borders. Some pre-industrial, small-scale buildings from this era can still be found in Södermalm. Norrmalm, now the central part of the shopping district of Stockholm, was originally a separate city but was incorporated in Stockholm (now Old Town) during the early 17th century.

Stockholm's oldest preserved building permit drawing from 1713

Stockholm has had a tradition of applying for building permits in order to erect a building from the early 18th century, with the oldest building permit from 1713. The building permit application tradition is still ongoing which means you can follow a newly built house from 2022 and see all previous buildings all the way back to 1713. Several of the building permits from the early 18th century was renovations and add-ons to older buildings from the 17th century. Today the Stockholm City Building committee is in charge of the building permit process and their old archive, from 1713-1978, is maintained by Stockholm City Archives. All drawings of old buildings from 1713-1874 are digitized and available through the website of Stockholms City Archives.

At the age of industrialization and at the end of the 19th century and Stockholm grew rapidly, with plans and architecture inspired by the large cities of the continent such as Berlin and Vienna. Notable works of this time period include public buildings such as the Royal Swedish Opera and private developments such as the luxury housing developments on Strandvägen.

In the 20th century, a nationalistic push spurred a new architectural style inspired by medieval and renaissance ancestry as well as influences of the Jugend/Art Nouveau style. A key landmark of Stockholm, the Stockholm City Hall, was erected 1911–1923 by architect Ragnar Östberg. Other notable works of these times are the Stockholm Public Library by Gunnar Asplund and the World Heritage Site Skogskyrkogården by Asplund and celebrated architect Sigurd Lewerentz.[78]

Söder Torn
, an 86-metre-tall (282-foot) building in Södermalm

In the 1930s modernism characterized the development of the city as it grew. New residential areas sprang up such as the development on

Stockholm metro. The modernist developments of Vällingby and Farsta
were internationally praised. In the 1960s this suburban development continued but with the aesthetic of the times, the industrialized and mass-produced blocks of flats received a large amount of criticism.

At the same time that this suburban development was taking place, the most central areas of the inner city were being redesigned, known as

Sergels Torg, with its five high-rise office towers was created in the 1960s, followed by the total clearance of large areas to make room for new development projects. The most notable buildings from this period include the ensemble of the House of Culture, City Theatre and the Riksbank at Sergels Torg, designed by architect Peter Celsing. Other celebrated works from the 1960s was S:t Görans Gymnasium (originally built as a school for women, the School of House work and Sewing) by Leonie Geisendorf
.

In the 1980s, the planning ideas of modernism were starting to be questioned, resulting in suburbs with denser planning, such as Skarpnäck. In the 1990s this idea was taken further with the development of an old industrial area close to the inner city, resulting in a sort of mix of modernistic and urban planning[clarification needed] in the new area of Hammarby Sjöstad.

The municipality appointed an official "board of beauty" called "Skönhetsrådet" in 1919 to protect and preserve the beauty of the city, still an active part of the city planning, and architecture debate in the city.[79]

Stockholm's architecture (along with Visby, Gotland[80]) provided the inspiration for Japanese anime director Hayao Miyazaki as he sought to evoke an idealized city untouched by World War. His creation called Koriko, draws directly from what Miyazaki felt was Stockholm's sense of well-established architectural unity, vibrancy, independence, and safety.[81]

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Stockholm
The main hall of the Vasa Museum with a scale model of Vasa as it might have looked on its maiden voyage to the left and the preserved ship itself
to the right
Moragården, one of many historical homesteads at the Skansen open-air museum

Stockholm is one of the most crowded museum-cities in the world with around 100 museums, visited by millions of people every year.[82]

The Vasa Museum (Swedish: Vasamuseet) is a maritime museum on Djurgården which displays the only almost fully intact 17th century ship that has ever been salvaged, the 64-gun warship Vasa that sank on her maiden voyage in 1628.

The

Antoine Watteau, as well as constituting a main part of Sweden's art heritage, manifested in the works of Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Tobias Sergel, Carl Larsson, Carl Fredrik Hill and Ernst Josephson. From the year 2013 to 2018 the museum was closed due to a restoration of the building.[83]

Moderna Museet (Museum of Modern Art) is Sweden's national museum of modern art. It has works by noted modern artists such as Picasso and Salvador Dalí.

Skansen (in English: the Sconce) is a combined open-air museum and zoo, located on the island of Djurgården. It was founded in 1891 by Artur Hazelius (1833–1901) to show the way of life in the different parts of Sweden before the industrial era.

Other notable museums (in alphabetical order):

Art galleries

Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognized art centres and commercial galleries. Amongst others, privately sponsored initiatives such as Bonniers Konsthall, Magasin 3, and state-supported institutions such as Tensta Konsthall and Index all show leading international and national artists. In the last few years, a gallery district has emerged around Hudiksvallsgatan where leading galleries such as Andréhn-Schiptjenko, Brändström & Stene have located. Other important commercial galleries include Nordenhake, Milliken Gallery and Galleri Magnus Karlsson.

The City of Stockholm also has their own art gallery and museum, Liljevalchs konsthall, with a well visited spring salon every year with works of art from professionals and amateurs. The art showed every spring is sent in anonymously and picked by a committee.

Suburbs

The Stockholm suburbs are places with diverse cultural background. Some areas in the inner suburbs, including those of Skärholmen, Tensta, Jordbro, Fittja, Husby, Brandbergen, Rinkeby, Rissne, Kista, Hagsätra, Hässelby, Farsta, Rågsved, Flemingsberg, and the outer suburb of Södertälje, have high percentages of immigrants or second generation immigrants. These mainly come from the Middle East (Assyrians, Syriacs, Turks and Kurds) also Bosnians and Serbs, but there are also immigrants from Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America.[84][85] Other parts of the inner suburbs, such as Täby, Danderyd, Lidingö, Solna, Nacka and, as well as some of the suburbs mentioned above, have a majority of ethnic Swedes.

Theatre and music

Royal Dramatic Theatre
, one of Stockholm's many theatres

Distinguished among Stockholm's many theatres are the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), one of Europe's most renowned theatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773.

Other notable theatres are the Stockholm City Theatre (Stockholms stadsteater), the Peoples Opera (Folkoperan), the Modern Theatre of Dance (Moderna dansteatern), the China Theatre, the Göta Lejon Theatre, the Mosebacke Theatre, and the Oscar Theatre.

Premises for orchestral music and concerts include Stockholm Concert Hall where for example the yearly awarding ceremony for the Nobel prize is held, and The Berwald hall, home to the National Radio Orchestra.

Pioneer of cloud rap Yung Lean, alongside affiliated Drain Gang and Sadboys music collective all are from Stockholm.

Stockholm has hosted the

Globe Arena.[86][87][88]

Amusement park

Gröna Lund is an amusement park located on the island of Djurgården. This amusement park has over 30 attractions and many restaurants. It is a popular tourist attraction and visited by thousands of people every day. It is open from the end of April to the middle of September. Gröna Lund also serves as a concert venue.

Media

Bookpublisher, Norstedt Building, seen from Vasabron, in Riddarholmen

Stockholm is the media centre of Sweden. It has four nationwide daily newspapers and is also the central location of the publicly funded radio (

Mojang
is headquartered there.

Sports

See also: Football in Stockholm
Friends Arena
Scenes after Hammarby won their first national bandy title
in 2010

The most popular spectator sports are

2017 UEFA Europa League Final
was played on 24 May between AFC Ajax and Manchester United at the Friends Arena. Manchester United won the trophy after a 2–0 victory.

Djurgårdens IF and Hammarby play at Tele2 Arena in Johanneshov, with a capacity of 30,000 spectators.

All three clubs are multi-sport clubs, which have ice hockey teams; AIK and Djurgårdens IF play in the second tier and Hammarby in the third tier, as well as teams in bandy, basketball, floorball and other sports, including individual sports.

Historically, the city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics. From those days stem the Stockholms Olympiastadion which has since hosted numerous sports events, notably football and athletics. Other major sports arenas are Friends Arena, the new national football stadium, Avicii Arena (colloquially called Globen), a multi-sport arena and one of the largest spherical buildings in the world and the nearby indoor arena Hovet.

Besides the 1912 Summer Olympics, Stockholm hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics Equestrian Games and the UEFA Euro 1992. The city was also second runner up in the 2004 Summer Olympics bids. Stockholm hosted the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Stockholm recently bid jointly with Åre for the 2026 Winter Olympics but lost out to the joint bid of Milan/Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, if awarded it would have been the second city to host both Summer and Winter Olympics after Beijing and for the 2026 Winter Paralympics and with Åre it would have also be to host all three winter event including Winter Olympic Games, Winter Paralympic Games and the Special Olympics World Winter Games in which Åre would have host in 2021 along with Östersund, however Sweden pulled out host the Special Olympic World Winter Games 2021 due to lack of funding instead it moved to Kazan, Russia and was delayed to 2022. Stockholm first bid for the Winter Olympics for 2022 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in 2014 due to financial matters.

Stockholm also hosted all but one of the Nordic Games, a winter multi-sport event that predated the Winter Olympics.

In 2015, the Stockholms Kungar Rugby league club was formed. They are Stockholm's first Rugby league team and will play in Sweden's National Rugby league championship.

Every year Stockholm is host to the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun World Championship.[89]

Stockholm has hosted the

ATP World Tour 250 series professional tennis tournament annually since 1969. Each year since 1995, the tournament has been hosted at the Kungliga tennishallen.[90]

Cuisine

There are over 1,000 restaurants in Stockholm.[91] As of 2019 Stockholm boasts a total of ten Michelin star restaurants, two with two stars and one with three stars.

Yearly events and festivals

Stockholm Marathon, near Kungsträdgården
in 2008
  • Stockholm Jazz Festival is one of Sweden's oldest festivals. The festival takes place at Skeppsholmen in July.[92]
  • Stockholm Early Music Festival, the largest international event for historical music in the Nordic countries. First week in June since 2002.[93]
  • The Stockholm Culture Festival (Swedish: Stockholms kulturfestival) is a free recurring cultural festival in August, which is held by the City of Stockholm. Runs in parallel with We Are Stockholm.[94]
  • We Are Stockholm is a free youth festival people between 13 and 19 years. Runs in parallel with the Stockholm Culture Festival in August and is held by the City of Stockholm. Between 2001 -2013, the festival went by the name Ung08.
  • LGBT Pride
    event in the Nordic countries and takes place in the last week of July every year. The Stockholm Pride festival always ends with a parade and in 2007, 50,000 people marched with the parade and about 500,000 watched.
  • The Stockholm Marathon takes place on a Saturday in early June each year.
  • The Nobel Banquet takes place at Stockholm City Hall every year on 10 December.
  • The Stockholm Water Festival (Swedish: Vattenfestivalen) was a popular summer festival held annually in Stockholm between 1991 and 1999.
  • Manifestation, a yearly ecumenical Christian festival with up to 25,000 participants.
  • Summerburst Music festival
  • The Stockholm International Film Festival is an annual film festival held in Stockholm each year since 1990.

Environment

Park on the island of Djurgården
in central Stockholm

Green city with a national urban park

Stockholm is one of the cleanest capitals in the world.[95] The city was granted the 2010 European Green Capital Award by the EU Commission; this was Europe's first "green capital".[96] Applicant cities were evaluated in several ways: climate change, local transport, public green areas, air quality, noise, waste, water consumption, waste water treatment, sustainable utilisation of land, biodiversity and environmental management.[97] Out of 35 participant cities, eight finalists were chosen: Stockholm, Amsterdam, Bristol, Copenhagen, Freiburg, Hamburg, Münster, and Oslo.[98] Some of the reasons why Stockholm won the 2010 European Green Capital Award were: its integrated administrative system, which ensures that environmental aspects are considered in budgets, operational planning, reporting, and monitoring; its cut in carbon dioxide emissions by 25% per capita in ten years; and its decision towards being fossil fuel free by 2050.[97] Stockholm has long demonstrated concern for the environment. The city's environmental program is the fifth since the first one was established in the mid-1970s.[99] In 2011, Stockholm passed the title of European Green Capital to Hamburg, Germany.[98]

Role model

At the beginning of 2010, Stockholm launched the program Professional Study Visits[100] in order to share the city's green best practices. The program provides visitors with the opportunity to learn how to address issues such as waste management, urban planning, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable and efficient transportation system, among others.[96]

According to the European Cities Monitor 2010,[101] Stockholm is the best city in terms of freedom from pollution. Surrounded by 219 nature reserves, Stockholm has around 1,000 green spaces, which corresponds to 30% of the city's area.[102] Founded in 1995, the Royal National City Park is the world's first legally protected "national urban park".[103][104] For a description of the formation process, value assets and implementation of the legal protection of The Royal National Urban Park, see Schantz 2006 The water in Stockholm is so clean that people can dive and fish in the centre of the city.[102] The waters of downtown Stockholm serve as spawning grounds for multiple fish species including trout and salmon, though human intervention is needed to keep populations up.[105] Regarding CO2 emissions, the government's target is that Stockholm will be CO2 free before 2050.[102]

Air quality

Stockholm used to have problematic levels of particulates (PM10) due to studded winter tires, but by the 2010s they were below limits, after street-specific bans.[106] Nitrogen oxides emitted by diesel vehicles were a problem in the 2010s, but by 2021 they were again below limits, after electric cars had started to replace diesel-driven ones, and pollution regulations for lorries had tightened. As of 2021, the pollutant that exceeds limits is ozone, due to global pollution. In 2021 the average levels for urban background (roof of Torkel Knutssonsgatan on Södermalm) were: NO2 9.7 μg/m3, PM10 9.5 μg/m3, PM2.5 5.1 μg/m3, soot 0.36 μg/m3, ultrafine particles 6100/cm3, SO2 0.4 μg/m3, ozone 53 μg/m3. For urban street level (the densely trafficked Hornsgatan on Södermalm) the average levels were: NO2 23 μg/m3, PM10 17 μg/m3, PM2.5 6.0 μg/m3, soot 0.55 μg/m3.[107]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Stockholm

Public transportation

C20 metrotrain departing from the Gamla stan station

Stockholm has an extensive

Stockholm County Council. Since the 1990s, the operation and maintenance of the SL public transport services are contracted out to independent companies bidding for contracts, such as MTR, which operate the Metro. The archipelago boat traffic is handled by Waxholmsbolaget
, which is also wholly owned by the County Council.

A34 tram on line 7 at Djurgårdsbron

SL has a common ticket system in the entire Stockholm County, which allows for easy travel between different modes of transport. The tickets are of two main types, single ticket and

travel cards, both allowing for unlimited travel with SL in the entire Stockholm County for the duration of the ticket validity. On 1 April 2007, a zone system (A, B, C) and price system was introduced. Single tickets were available in forms of cash ticket, individual unit pre-paid tickets, pre-paid ticket slips of 8, SMS-ticket and machine ticket. Cash tickets bought at the point of travel were the most expensive and pre-paid tickets slips of 8 are the cheapest. A single ticket costs SEK 32 with the card and SEK 45 without and is valid for 75 minutes. The duration of the travel card validity depended on the exact type; they were available from 24 hours up to a year. As of 2018, a 30-day card costs SEK 860. Tickets of all these types were available with reduced prices for students and persons under 20 and over 65 years of age. On 9 January 2017, the zone system was removed, and the cost of the tickets was increased.[108]

The City Line Project

Main article: Stockholm City Line

With an estimated cost of SEK 16.8 billion (January 2007 price level), which equals 2.44 billion US dollars, the City Line, an environmentally certified project, comprises a 6 km (3.7 mi)-long commuter train tunnel (in rock and water) beneath Stockholm, with two new stations (Stockholm City and Stockholm Odenplan), and a 1.4 km (0.87 mi)-long railway bridge at Årsta. The City Line was built by the Swedish Transport Administration in co-operation with the City of Stockholm, Stockholm County Council, and Stockholm Transport, SL. As Stockholm Central Station is overloaded, the purpose of this project was to double the city's track capacity and improve service efficiency. Operations began in July 2017.[109][110]

Between Riddarholmen and Söder Mälarstrand, the City Line runs through a submerged concrete tunnel.[109] As a green project, the City Line includes the purification of waste water; noise reduction through sound-attenuating tracks; the use of synthetic diesel, which provides users with clean air; and the recycling of excavated rocks.[109]

Roads

Norra länken
(North link) motorway in Stockholm

Stockholm is at the junction of the European routes E4, E18 and E20. A half-completed motorway ring road exists on the south, west and north sides of the City Centre. The northern section of the ring road, Norra Länken, opened for traffic in 2015 while the final subsea eastern section is being discussed as a future project. A bypass motorway for traffic between Northern and Southern Sweden, Förbifart Stockholm, is being built. The many islands and waterways make extensions of the road system both complicated and expensive, and new motorways are often built as systems of tunnels and bridges.

Congestion charges

Main article: Stockholm congestion tax
A control point for the congestion charge leading up to Essingeleden

Stockholm has a

automatic number plate recognition. All vehicles entering or exiting the congestion tax affected area, with a few exceptions, have to pay 10–20 SEK (1.09–2.18 EUR, 1.49–2.98 USD) depending on the time of day between 06:30 and 18:29. The maximum tax amount per vehicle per day is SEK 60 (EUR 6.53).[115] Payment is done by various means within 14 days after one has passed one of the control points; one cannot pay at the control points.[116]

After the trial period was over, consultative referendums were held in Stockholm Municipality and several other municipalities in Stockholm County. The then-reigning government (Persson Cabinet) stated that they would only take into consideration the results of the referendum in Stockholm Municipality. The opposition parties (Alliance for Sweden) stated that if they were to form a cabinet after the general election—which was held the same day as the congestion tax referendums—they would take into consideration the referendums held in several of the other municipalities in Stockholm County as well. The results of the referendums were that the Stockholm Municipality voted for the congestion tax, while the other municipalities voted against it. The opposition parties won the general election and a few days before they formed government (Reinfeldt Cabinet) they announced that the congestion tax would be reintroduced in Stockholm, but that the revenue would go entirely to road construction in and around Stockholm. During the trial period and according to the agenda of the previous government the revenue went entirely to public transport.

Ferries

Viking Grace, one of many cruiseferries on the routes to Finland and Åland

Stockholm has regular ferry lines to

Stockholm archipelago is served by the archipelago boats of Waxholmsbolaget
(owned and subsidized by Stockholm County Council). Additionally, there are many for-profit private companies offering tours and regular service in the archipelago.

City bikes

Between April and October, during the warmer months, it is possible to rent Stockholm City Bikes by purchasing a bike card online or through retailers.[117] Cards allow users to rent bikes from any Stockholm City Bikes stand spread across the city and return them in any stand.[118] There are two types of cards: the Season Card (valid from 1 April to 31 October) and the 3-day card. When their validity runs out they can be reactivated and are therefore reusable.[119] Bikes can be used for up to three hours per loan and can be rented from Monday to Sunday from 6 am to 10 pm.[118]

Airports

The Arlanda Express airport rail link runs between Arlanda Airport and Stockholm Central Station. With a journey of 20 minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of travelling to the city centre. Arlanda Central Station is also served by commuter, regional and intercity trains.

Additionally, there are also bus lines, Flygbussarna, that run between central Stockholm and all the airports.

As of 2010 there are no airports specifically for general aviation in the Stockholm area.

Inter-city trains

Stockholm Central Station

Stockholm Central Station has train connections to many Swedish cities as well as to Oslo, Norway and Copenhagen, Denmark. The popular X 2000 service to Gothenburg takes three hours. Most of the trains are run by SJ AB.

International rankings

Stockholm often performs well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:

Twin cities and towns

Stockholm does not have any twin cities.[132]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stockholm.