Tube-dwelling anemone
| Tube-dwelling anemones | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cerianthus sp. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Subphylum: | Anthozoa |
| Subclass: | Ceriantharia
|
| Subgroups | |
Tube-dwelling anemones or ceriantharians look very similar to
nematocyst-like organelles known as ptychocysts. Within the tubes of these ceriantharians, more than one polyp is present, which is an exceptional trait because species that create tube systems usually contain only one polyp per tube.[1] Ceriantharians were formerly classified in the taxon Ceriantipatharia along with the black corals[2]
but have since been moved to their own class, Ceriantharia.
Ceriantharians have a crown of tentacles that are composed of two whorls of distinctly different sized tentacles. The outer whorl consists of large tentacles that extend outwards. These tentacles taper to points and are mostly used in food capture and defence. The smaller inner tentacles are held more erect than the larger lateral tentacles and are used for food manipulation and ingestion.[3]
A few species such as
Taxonomy
- Order Spirularia
- Family Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912[6]
- Genus Angianthula Leloup, 1964
- Genus Atractanthula Leloup, 1964
- Genus Botruanthus McMurrich, 1910
- Genus Botrucnidiata Leloup, 1932
- Genus Botrucnidifer Carlgren, 1912
- Genus Calpanthula van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Cerianthula Beneden, 1898
- Genus Gymnanthula Leloup, 1964
- Genus Hensenanthula van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Ovanthula van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Sphaeranthula Leloup, 1955
- Family Cerianthidae Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1852[7]
- Genus Anthoactis Leloup, 1932
- Genus Apiactis van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Bursanthus Leloup, 1968
- Genus Ceriantheomorphe Carlgren, 1931
- Genus Ceriantheopsis Carlgren, 1912
- Genus Cerianthus Delle Chiaje, 1830
- Genus Engodactylactis Leloup, 1942
- Genus Isodactylactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Nautanthus Leloup, 1964
- Genus Pachycerianthus Roule, 1904
- Genus Paradactylactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Parovactis Leloup, 1964
- Genus Peponactis van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Plesiodactylactis Leloup, 1942
- Genus Sacculactis Leloup, 1964
- Genus Solasteractis van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Synarachnactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Syndactylactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Trichactis Leloup, 1964
- Order Penicillaria[8]
- Family Arachnactidae McMurrich, 1910
- Genus Anactinia Annandale, 1909
- Genus Arachnactis Sars, 1846
- Genus Arachnanthus Carlgren, 1912
- Genus Dactylactis van Beneden, 1897
- Genus Isapiactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Isarachnactis Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Isarachnanthus Carlgren, 1924
- Genus Isovactis
- Genus Ovactis
- Genus Paranactinia
A 2020 integrative study incorporating
monophyletic, drawing into question the validity of the Spirularia suborder[9]
References
- S2CID 221885210.
- ^ Appeltans, Ward (2010). "Ceriantipatharia". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2017-12-21.
- ISBN 0-87893-097-3
- ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
- ^ Annandale, N. (1909). "A pelagic sea-anemone without tentacles". Records of the Indian Museum. 3 (10): 157–162.
- ^ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10.
- ^ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Cerianthidae. In: Fautin, Daphne G. (2011) Hexacorallians of the World. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10
- ^ Tina Molodtsova (2011). "Penicilaria". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
- .
Hickman; et al. (2008), Integrated Principles of Zoology (14th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-297004-3
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ceriantharia.
- Photos of Tube Anemones
- Tube-dwelling anemone toxins have pharmacological potential, mapping study shows, on: Eurekalert!, 29 October 2020. Source: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo