Unix architecture
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2008) |
A
Description
There are many systems which are
For distinctions between SUS branded UNIX architectures and other similar architectures, see Unix-like.
Kernel
A Unix kernel — the core or key components of the operating system — consists of many kernel subsystems like process management, scheduling, file management, device management, network management, memory management, and dealing with interrupts from hardware devices.
Each of the subsystems has some features:
- disputed]
- disputed]
- Paging: It is a technique to minimize the internal as well as the external fragmentation in the physical memory.
- Virtual file system (VFS): A VFS is a file system used to help the user to hide the different file systems complexities. A user can use the same standard file system related calls to access different file systems.
The kernel provides these and other basic services: interrupt and trap handling, separation between user and system space, system calls, scheduling, timer and clock handling, file descriptor management.
Features
Some key features of the Unix architecture concept are:
- Unix systems use a centralized operating system kernel which manages system and process activities.
- All non-kernel software is organized into separate, kernel-managed processes.
- Unix systems are preemptively multitasking: multiple processes can run at the same time, or within small time slices and nearly at the same time, and any process can be interrupted and moved out of execution by the kernel. This is known as thread management.
- Files are stored on disk in a hierarchical file system, with a single top location throughout the system (root, or "/"), with both files and directories, subdirectories, sub-subdirectories, and so on below it.
- With few exceptions, devices and some types of communications between processes are managed and visible as files or pseudo-files within the file system hierarchy. This is known as everything is a file. However, Linus Torvalds states that this is inaccurate and may be better rephrased as "everything is a stream of bytes".[1]
The UNIX operating system supports the following features and capabilities:
- Multitasking and multiuser
- Programming interface
- Use of files as abstractions of devices and other objects
- Built-in networking (TCP/IP is standard)
- Persistent system service processes called "daemons" and managed by init or inet
Criticism
The UNIX-HATERS Handbook covers some of these design features as failures from the user point of view. However, although some information is quite dated and cannot be applied to modern Unixes or Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, Eric S. Raymond discovered that several issues are still prevailing, while others were resolved. Raymond concludes that not all concepts behind Unix can be deemed as non-functional even though the book's intention may have been to portray Unix as inferior without encouraging discussions with developers to actually fix the issues.[2]
See also
References
- ^ Torvalds, Linus. "signalfd v2 - signalfd core".
- ^ Raymond, Eric S. "The Unix Hater's Handbook, Reconsidered".