NetBSD

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

NetBSD
NetBSD 9.2 showing XDM
DeveloperThe NetBSD Foundation
OS familyUnix (BSD)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen source
Initial release19 April 1993; 31 years ago (1993-04-19)
Latest release10.0 / 28 March 2024; 26 days ago (2024-03-28)[1]
Latest preview10.99.x[2] / Daily builds
Repository
2-clause BSD license
Official websitenetbsd.org
Tagline"Of course it runs NetBSD"[3]

NetBSD is a

free and open-source Unix operating system based on the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). It was the first open-source BSD descendant officially released after 386BSD was forked.[4][5] It continues to be actively developed and is available for many platforms, including servers, desktops, handheld devices,[5] and embedded systems.[6][7]

The NetBSD project focuses on code clarity, careful design, and portability across many

permissively licensed.[8][9][10]

History

NetBSD was originally derived from the 4.3BSD-Reno release of the Berkeley Software Distribution from the Computer Systems Research Group of the University of California, Berkeley, via their Net/2 source code release and the 386BSD project.[5] The NetBSD project began as a result of frustration within the 386BSD developer community with the pace and direction of the operating system's development.[11] The four founders of the NetBSD project, Chris Demetriou, Theo de Raadt, Adam Glass, and Charles Hannum, felt that a more open development model would benefit the project: one centered on portable, clean, correct code. They aimed to produce a unified, multi-platform, production-quality, BSD-based operating system. The name "NetBSD" was chosen based on the importance and growth of networks such as the Internet at that time, and the distributed, collaborative nature of its development.[12]

The NetBSD source code repository was established on 21 March 1993 and the first official release, NetBSD 0.8, was made on 19 April 1993.[13] This was derived from 386BSD 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.[13][14] The first multi-platform release, NetBSD 1.0, was made in October 1994, and being updated with 4.4BSD-Lite sources, it was free of all legally encumbered 4.3BSD Net/2 code.[15] Also in 1994, for disputed reasons, one of the founders, Theo de Raadt, was removed from the project. He later founded a new project, OpenBSD, from a forked version of NetBSD 1.0 near the end of 1995.[16] In 1998, NetBSD 1.3 introduced the pkgsrc packages collection.[17]

Until 2004, NetBSD 1.x releases were made at roughly annual intervals, with minor "patch" releases in between. From release 2.0 onwards, NetBSD uses

semantic versioning, and each major NetBSD release corresponds to an incremented major version number, i.e. the major releases following 2.0 are 3.0, 4.0 and so on. The previous minor releases are now divided into two categories: x.y "stable" maintenance releases and x.y.z releases containing only security and critical fixes.[18]

Features

NetBSD/amd64 startup in console mode
NetBSD/amd64 console login and welcome message

Portability

See also: busdma

As the project's motto ("Of course it runs NetBSD" ) suggests, NetBSD has been ported to a large number of

userland for these platforms are all built from a central unified source-code tree managed by CVS. Currently, unlike other kernels such as μClinux, the NetBSD kernel requires the presence of an MMU
in any given target architecture.

NetBSD's portability is aided by the use of

hardware abstraction layer interfaces for low-level hardware access such as bus input/output or DMA. Using this portability layer, device drivers can be split into "machine-independent" and "machine-dependent" components. This makes a single driver easily usable on several platforms by hiding hardware access details, and reduces the work to port it to a new system.[21]

This permits a particular device driver for a PCI card to work without modifications, whether it is in a PCI slot on an IA-32, Alpha, PowerPC, SPARC, or other architecture with a PCI bus. Also, a single driver for a specific device can operate via several different buses, like ISA, PCI, or PC Card.

This

assemblers, linkers, and other tools fully support cross-compiling
.

In 2005, as a demonstration of NetBSD's portability and suitability for embedded applications, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed and demonstrated a NetBSD-powered kitchen toaster.[22]

Commercial ports to embedded platforms were available from and supported by Wasabi Systems, including platforms such as the

Freescale PowerQUICC processors, Marvell Orion, AMCC 405 family of PowerPC processors, and the Intel XScale
IOP and IXP series.

Portable build framework

The NetBSD cross-compiling framework (also known as "build.sh"

cross-compiling), including on a different operating system (the framework supports most POSIX-compliant systems). Several embedded systems using NetBSD have required no additional software development other than toolchain and target rehost.[24]

The pkgsrc packages collection

Main article: pkgsrc

NetBSD features

makefiles
. This can automatically fetch the source code, unpack, patch, configure, build and install the package such that it can be removed again later. An alternative to compiling from source is to use a precompiled binary package. In either case, any prerequisites/dependencies will be installed automatically by the package system, without need for manual intervention.

pkgsrc supports not only NetBSD, but also several other BSD variants like

Solaris, IRIX, and others, as well as Interix. pkgsrc was previously adopted as the official package management system for DragonFly BSD.[26]

Symmetric multiprocessing

NetBSD has supported

network protocols and most device drivers
.

Security

NetBSD provides various features in the security area.

Stack Smashing Protection (SSP, or also known as ProPolice, enabled by default since NetBSD 6.0) compiler extensions. Verified Executables (or Veriexec) is an in-kernel file integrity subsystem in NetBSD. It allows the user to set digital fingerprints (hashes) of files, and take a number of different actions if files do not match their fingerprints. For example, one can allow Perl to run only scripts that match their fingerprints.[32] The cryptographic device driver (CGD) allows using disks or partitions (including CDs and DVDs) for encrypted storage.[33]

Virtualization

The Xen virtual-machine monitor has been supported in NetBSD since release 3.0. The use of Xen requires a special pre-kernel boot environment that loads a Xen-specialized kernel as the "host OS" (Dom0). Any number of "guest OSes" (DomU) virtualized computers, with or without specific Xen/DomU support, can be run in parallel with the appropriate hardware resources.

The need for a third-party boot manager, such as GRUB, was eliminated with NetBSD 5's Xen-compatible boot manager.[34] NetBSD 6 as a Dom0 has been benchmarked comparably to Linux, with better performance than Linux in some tests.[35]

As of NetBSD 9.0, accelerated virtualization is provided through the native hypervisor NVMM (NetBSD Virtual Machine Monitor).[36] It provides a virtualization API, libnvmm, that can be leveraged by emulators such as QEMU. A unique property of NVMM is that the kernel never accesses guest VM memory, only creating it.[37] Intel's Hardware Accelerated Execution Manager (HAXM) provides an alternative solution for acceleration in QEMU for Intel CPUs only, similar to Linux's KVM.[38]

NetBSD 5.0 introduced the rump kernel, an architecture to run drivers in user-space by emulating kernel-space calls. This anykernel architecture allows adding support of NetBSD drivers to other kernel architectures, ranging from exokernels to monolithic kernels.[39]

Storage

NetBSD includes many enterprise features like

journaling filesystem, logical volume management and the ZFS
filesystem.

The

bio(4) interface for vendor-agnostic RAID volume management through bioctl has been available in NetBSD since 2007.[40]

The

WAPBL journaling filesystem, an extension of the BSD FFS filesystem, was contributed by Wasabi Systems in 2008.[41]

The NetBSD Logical Volume Manager is based on a BSD reimplementation of a device-mapper driver and a port of the Linux Logical Volume Manager tools. It was mostly written during the Google Summer of Code 2008.[42]

The ZFS filesystem developed by Sun Microsystems was imported into the NetBSD base system in 2009.

The CHFS Flash memory filesystem was imported into NetBSD in November 2011. CHFS is a file system developed at the Department of Software Engineering, University of Szeged, Hungary, and is the first open source Flash-specific file system written for NetBSD.

Compatibility with other operating systems

At the source code level, NetBSD is very nearly entirely compliant with POSIX.1 (IEEE 1003.1-1990) standard and mostly compliant with POSIX.2 (IEEE 1003.2-1992).

NetBSD provides

UNIX-derived and UNIX-like operating systems, including Linux, and other 4.3BSD derivatives like SunOS 4. This allows NetBSD users to run many applications that are only distributed in binary form for other operating systems, usually with no significant loss of performance.[43]

A variety of "foreign" disk

OS X UFS, RISC OS FileCore/ADFS, AmigaOS Fast File System, IRIX EFS, Version 7 Unix File System, and many more through PUFFS
.

Kernel scripting

Kernel-space scripting with the

floating-point numbers
; as such, only Lua integers are available. It also does not have full support to user space libraries that rely on the operating system (e.g., io and os).

Sensors

Main article: envsys

NetBSD has featured a native

hardware monitoring framework since 1999/2000. In 2003, it served as the inspiration behind the OpenBSD's sysctl hw.sensors framework when some NetBSD drivers were being ported to OpenBSD.[45]

As of March 2019[update], NetBSD had close to 85 device drivers exporting data through the API of the envsys framework. Since the 2007 revision, serialisation of data between the kernel and userland is done through XML

proplib(3)
.

Uses

NetBSD was used in NASA's SAMS-II Project of measuring the microgravity environment on the International Space Station, and for investigations of TCP for use in satellite networks.[46]

NetBSD's clean design, high performance, scalability, and support for many architectures has led to its use in embedded devices and servers, especially in networking applications.[47]

A commercial real-time operating system, QNX, uses a network stack based on NetBSD code,[48][49] and provides various drivers ported from NetBSD.[47]

Dell Force10 uses NetBSD as the underlying operating system that powers FTOS (the Force10 Operating System), which is used in high scalability switch/routers.[50] Force10 also made a donation to the NetBSD Foundation in 2007 to help further research and the open development community.[51]

Wasabi Systems provides a commercial Wasabi Certified BSD product based on NetBSD with proprietary enterprise features and extensions, which are focused on embedded, server and storage applications.[52]

NetBSD was used in NASA's SAMS-II Project of measuring the microgravity environment on the International Space Station,[53][54] and for investigations of TCP for use in satellite networks.[55][56]

In 2004, SUNET used NetBSD to set the Internet2 Land Speed Record. NetBSD was chosen "due to the scalability of the TCP code".[57]

NetBSD is also used in

OS X (most of whose Unix-level userland code is derived from FreeBSD code but some is derived from NetBSD code[60][61]
).

The operating system of the

T-Mobile Sidekick LX 2009 smartphone is based on NetBSD.[62]

The Minix operating system uses a mostly NetBSD userland as well as its pkgsrc packages infrastructure since version 3.2.[63]

Parts of macOS were originally taken from NetBSD, such as some userspace command line tools.[64][65][66]

Licensing

All of the NetBSD kernel and most of the core userland source code is released under the terms of the BSD License (two, three, and four-clause variants). This essentially allows everyone to use, modify, redistribute or sell it as they wish, as long as they do not remove the copyright notice and license text (the four-clause variants also include terms relating to publicity material). Thus, the development of products based on NetBSD is possible without having to make modifications to the source code public. In contrast, the GPL, which does not apply to NetBSD, stipulates that changes to source code of a product must be released to the product recipient when products derived from those changes are released.

On 20 June 2008, the NetBSD Foundation announced a transition to the two clause BSD license, citing concerns with UCB support of clause 3 and industry applicability of clause 4.[67]

NetBSD also includes the

BSD projects, NetBSD separates those in its base source tree to make it easier to remove code that is under more restrictive licenses.[68]
As for packages, the installed software licenses may be controlled by modifying the list of allowed licenses in the pkgsrc configuration file (mk.conf).

Releases

The following table lists major NetBSD releases and their notable features in reverse chronological order. Minor and patch releases are not included.

Legend: Old version, not maintained Older version, still maintained Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
Major releases Release date Notable features and changes
Current stable version: 10.0[69] 28 March 2024
Older version, yet still maintained: 9.0[71][72] 14 February 2020
  • Support for
    big.LITTLE
    , compatibility with 32-bit binaries, and up to 256 CPUs
  • Enhanced support for
    device tree
    support
  • Updated Direct Rendering Manager (DRM) to Linux 4.4, support for Intel graphics up to and including Kaby Lake
  • Hardware accelerated virtualization for QEMU via NVMM (NetBSD Virtual Machine Monitor)
  • Improvements in the NPF firewall, updated ZFS, new and reworked drivers
  • Support for various new kernel and userland code sanitizers, and kernel ASLR. Audited network stack.
  • Removal of various old and unmaintained components, such as
    ISDN
    support
Older version, yet still maintained: 8.0[73] 17 July 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 7.0[74][75] 8 October 2015
  • Add accelerated support for modern Intel and Radeon devices on x86 through a port of the Linux 3.15 DRM/KMS code.
  • Lua kernel scripting
  • blacklistd, a daemon that integrates with packet filters to dynamically protect network daemons from network break-in attempts.
  • NPF improvements such as JIT compilation and dynamic rules.
  • Multiprocessor ARM support
  • Support for many new ARM boards:
  • Add support for
    Lemote Yeeloong
    Notebooks.
Old version, no longer maintained: 6.0[76] 17 October 2012
Old version, no longer maintained: 5.0[78][79][80] 29 April 2009
  • Rewritten threading subsystem based on a
    1:1 model and rewritten scheduler implementation.[78]
  • Support for kernel preemption, POSIX real-time scheduling extensions, processor-sets, and dynamic CPU sets for thread affinity
  • Added
    WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging)
  • Rewritten Loadable kernel module framework, which will replace old LKMs. Use of X.Org rather than XFree86 by default for i386 and amd64 ports, and introduction of drm(4)/DRI for 3D hardware acceleration. Preliminary support for using Clang instead of GCC as the system compiler.[81]
  • Added support for
    ASLR
    in the kernel and dynamic linker.
  • Rewritten
    I2C attachment of the lm(4) driver; additional hardware support in several sensor drivers[78]
Old version, no longer maintained: 4.0 19 December 2007
  • Added support for
    proplib(3), and a Bluetooth protocol suite.[82]
Old version, no longer maintained: 3.0 23 December 2005
  • Support for
    Xen
    2.0
  • Support for filesystems > 2
    terabytes
    added.
  • Pluggable Authentication Modules
    added.
  • OpenBSD
    Packet Filter
    was integrated as an alternative to IPFilter.
  • UFS directory hash support.[83]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 9 December 2004
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.6 14 September 2002
  • Unified Buffer Cache (UBC) was introduced, which unifies the filesystem and virtual memory caches of file data.
  • Zero-copy support for TCP and UDP transmit path.
  • Ten new platforms supported.
  • New implementation of cross-building (build.sh) infrastructure.
  • Added support for multibyte LC_CTYPE locales.[85][86]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.5 6 December 2000
  • IPv6 and IPsec were added to the network stack.
  • OpenSSL and OpenSSH imported.
  • New implementation of rc.d system start-up mechanism.
  • Start of migration to ELF-format binaries.
  • A ktruss utility for kernel tracing was added.
  • Six new platforms supported, including sparc64.
  • Added FFS soft updates and support for NTFS.[87]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.4 12 May 1999
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3 9 March 1998
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2 4 October 1996
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1 26 November 1995
  • Ports for
    MVME68k
    systems added.
  • Binary emulation facility added.
  • Generic audio subsystem introduced.[91]
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0 26 October 1994
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.9 20 August 1993
  • Contained many enhancements and bug fixes.
  • This was still a
    PC
    -platform-only release, although by this time, work was underway to add support for other architectures.
  • Support for
    loadable kernel modules (LKM).[93]
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.8 20 April 1993
  • The first official release, derived from 386BSD 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.[94]

The NetBSD "flag" logo, designed by Grant Bissett, was introduced in 2004 and is an abstraction of their older logo,[95] designed by Shawn Mueller in 1994. Mueller's version was based on the famous World War II photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima.[96]

The NetBSD Foundation

The NetBSD Foundation is the legal entity that owns the intellectual property and trademarks associated with NetBSD,

501(c)3 tax-exempt non-profit organization. The members of the foundation are developers who have CVS commit access.[98] The NetBSD Foundation has a Board of Directors, elected by the voting of members for two years.[99]

Hosting

Hosting for the project is provided primarily by Columbia University, and Western Washington University, fronted by a CDN provided by Fastly. Mirrors for the project are spread around the world and provided by volunteers and supporters of the project.

See also

References

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