User:Benuski/Archive
An archive (/ˈɑrkaɪv/)is a collection of historical records, as well as the place they are located.[1] Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the lifetime of a person, family, or organization. The word is derived from the Greek ἀρχή meaning government or order. The word originally developed from the Greek ἀρχεῖον which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon.[2] The adjective formed from archive is archival.
In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidential value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike
A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.
Archivists tend to prefer the term "archives" (with an S) as the correct term to serve as both the singular and plural, since "archive," as a noun or a verb, has acquired meanings related to computer science.[4]
History of Archives
One of the first archives was discovered in the city of
Users and Use
Archival Work
Archives in the Digital World
Born-digital objects
The problem of preserving and making accessible born-digital objects is something with which archivists are currently dealing. Born-digital objects consist of information created in electronic format, as opposed to objects that are
Web archiving
The preservation of items created on the Internet, such as
Types of Archives
Academic
Archives in
Business (for profit)
Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private
Government
In the United States,
In the UK the
A network of local authority-run record offices and archives exists throughout England, Wales and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national Access 2 Archives [5] programme and online searching across collections is possible.
In France, the Directorate of the Archives of France (Direction des Archives de France) in the
In India the National Archives [24] are located in New Delhi.
In Taiwan the National Archives Administration [6] are located in Taipei.
Most intergovernmental organisations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European organisations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence.
Church
The most famous Church Archives is the
Non-profit
Other
Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.[27]
Another type of archive is public secrets [7]. This is an interactive testimonial in which women incarcerated in the California State Prison System reveal their stories about what happened to them. The function of the archive is to unfold the stories of the women who want to express themselves and want their stories to be heard. This collection of stories includes the women's direct speeches and also a recording of the women saying their speech.
The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence and meeting minutes.
Standardization
The International Council on Archives has developed a number of standards on archival description including the General International Standard Archival Description ISAD(G).[28] ISAD(G) is meant to be used in conjuction with national standards or as a basis for nations to build their own standards.[29] In the United States, ISAD(G) is implemented through Describing Archives: A Content Standard, popularly known as DACS.[30] In Canada, ISAD(G) is implemented through Rules for Archival Description, also known as RAD.[31]
ISO is currently working on standards.[32][33]
See also
- Archival informatics
- Archival research
- Archival science
- Archive Fever (book by Jacques Derrida)
- Archivist
- BS 5454
- Collection (museum)
- Computer data storage
- Data proliferation
- Digital preservation
- Discovered text (archaeology)
- Greenstone (software)
- Information repository
- Internet Archive
- International Council on Archives
- List of archives
- Manuscript processing
- Preservation (library and archival science)
- Web archiving
- Database
Footnotes
- ^ "Glossary of Library and Internet Terms". University of South Dakota Library. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
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- ^ "archive". Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "A Glossary of Archival and Records Terminology". Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
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- ^ "definition of archive". Wiktionary. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "archive: Definition, Synonyms from". Answers.com. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
- ^ "What Are Archives?". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
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- ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "Archival Census and Education Needs Survey in the United States: Part 1: Introduction" (PDF). The American Archivist. 69 (2): 294–309. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
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(help) - ^ "Processing". Glossary of Archival Terminology. Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Greene, Mark (Fall-Winter). "More Product, Less Process". American Archivist. 68 (2): 208–263.
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suggested) (help) - ^ McCrea, Donna (Fall-Winter). "Getting More for Less: Testing a New Processing Model at the University of Montana". American Archivist. 69 (3): 284–290.
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mismatch (help) - ^ "Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System" (PDF). Consultive Committee for Space Data Systems. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Raymond, Matt. "How Tweet It Is!: Library Acquires Entire Twitter Archive". Library of Congress Blog. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Maher, William J. (1992). The Management of College and University Archives. Metuchen, New Jersey: Society of American Archivists & The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
- ^ "Welcome to University Archives and Records Management". Kennesaw State University Archives. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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- ^ "Guidelines for College and University Archives". Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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- ^ "Business Archives Council". Business Archives Council. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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- ^ "Directory of Corporate Archives". Hunter Information Management. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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- ^ "Business Archives in North America - Invest in your future: Understand your past". Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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- ^ "Directions for Change". Libraries and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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- ^ "The National Archives". United States National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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- ^ "U.S. - State Level Records Repositories: State Libraries, Archives, Genealogical & Historical Societies". Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
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- ^ http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1530
- ^ (in French) "Les archives en France". Quid - 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Creigh, by Dorothy Weyer (1995). A Primer for Local Historical Societies: Revised and Expanded from the First Edition. AltaMira Press. p. 122.
- ^ Whitehill, Walter Muir (1962). "Introduction". Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future. Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Athenaeum. p. 311.
- ^ Walch, Victoria Irons (2006). "A*Census: A Closer Look". The American Archivist. 69 (2): 327–348. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
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(help) - ^ ICA Standards Page
- ^ http://www.ica.org/en/node/30000
- ^ "Describing Archives: A Content Standard". Society of American Archivists. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
- ISBN 0-9690797-3-7.
- ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/NP TS 21547-1 Health informatics -- Secure archiving of electronic health records -- Part 1: Principles and requirements". Retrieved 19 July 2008.
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(help) - ^ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/DIS 11506 Document management applications -- Archiving of electronic data -- Computer output microform (COM) / Computer output laser disc (COLD)". Retrieved 19 July 2008.
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External links
- UNESCO Archives Portal - over 8000 links worldwide
- International Council on Archives
- InterPARES Project — international research project on the long-term preservation of authentic digital records
- Archivopedia - archives wiki
- Society of American Archivists