User:Dawit S Gondaria/sandbox
SandboxDawit S Gondaria (talk) 21:22, 20 April 2021 (UTC)
Reminders/shortcuts:
|
User:Dawit S Gondaria/sandbox/pt1 User:Dawit S Gondaria/sandbox/pt2 User:Dawit S Gondaria/sandbox/pt3
Audio sample: Click this link
About using mutiple Noticeboards: Chose one place for the actual discussion, maybe you already have. Then you can "advertise" it in more places, like "There is a discussion about X going on here (link), your input is welcome." See guidance at
>>> make it green
>>>
>>> [[ | ]]
Infobox reminder: You forgot a square bracket after a link and nested two links ([[Folk music|Traditional [[Amharic]] folk music]
), which is why it didn't work. Also note that when adding an image to an infobox, |image=
should only contain the file name and it should not be wrapped between two brackets. If you want to add a caption to the image, it should go in the |caption=
parameter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet
WP shortcuts
Travelleers
Karl Wilhelm Isenberg[1][2] Charles-Jacques Poncet[3][4]
Wiki guidelines images
- According to Wikimedia Commons, the Wikimedia Foundation's position
has always been that faithful reproductions of two-dimensional public domain works of art are public domain, and that claims to the contrary represent an assault on the very concept of a public domain.
In other words, if the photo is of a two-dimensional painting/drawing/sketch, then the photo itself holds no copyright status of its own if it faithfully reproduces the artwork. - According to Wikimedia Commons, old public domain photographs can be scanned and uploaded provided you are satisfied that the book publishers have not significantly modified the photograph for publication. The underlying reason for this is that modifications can go beyond the Threshold of Originality, for example by adding a novel colorization to a previous black-and-white photo. In short, the WMF holds that a scan that faithfully reproduces the photograph without original modifications holds the same copyright status as the photograph itself.
- If the photo is of a three-dimensional work (such as a sculpture of a building), and the photo itself would not the public domain due to age (or a defect in copyright registration/copyright notice in some countries), the ability to upload the photo will vary depending on how the Freedom of Panorama laws in the country where the photograph was taken apply to a particular photograph.
- According to Wikimedia Commons, the Wikimedia Foundation's position
- None of this is legal advice, but I hope this helps with understanding Wikipedia's policies. —
you have to source the photograph with "IES (Institute of Ethiopian Studies)
Books i have
Church and State in Ethiopia. Taddesse Tamrat [5]
Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 1: A-C [6]
Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 2: D-HA [7]
Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 3: HE-N [8]
Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 4: O-X [9]
Encyclopedia Aethiopica Volume 5: Y-Z [10]
Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes Country in Transition, 1896-1898.[11]
Greater Ethiopia Second Edition The Evolution of a Multiethnic society. Donald Levine.[12]
Medieval Ethiopian Kingship, Craft, and Diplomacy with Latin Europe. Verena Krebs.[13]
Pedro Paez's History of Ethiopia 1622 Volume 2. Pedro Paez [14]
Shewa, Menilek, and the Ethiopian Empire, 1813-1889. Kofi Darkwah.[15]
The Emperor's Own. Dagmawi Abebe.[16]
The Ethiopian-Adal War 1529-1543: The Conquest of Abyssinia. Jeffrey M. Shaw.[17]
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. Richard Pankhurst. [18]
The Ethiopians A History. Richard Pankhurst [19]
The Life and Times of Menelik II : Ethiopia, 1844-1913. Harold G Marcus [20]
The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia A history. John Binns. [21]
Wax & gold: tradition and innovation in Ethiopian culture. Donald Levine [22]
Sources via Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request
Asma Giyorgis and His Work: History of the Gāllā and the Kingdom of Šawā. Bairu Tafla.[23]
Burke's royal families of the world : 2. vol. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd [24]
Proceedings of the seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. [25] [26]
Sources available on Internet archive /web
Biographies
Dictionary of African biography. (Encyclopaedia Africana, 1977) [27]
Taytu and Menelik II Ethiopia 1883-1910. Chris Prouty [28]
History
A History of Ethiopia. Harold Marcus [29]
A history of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1991. Bahru Zewde [30]
A history of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian chronicles. E.A. Wallis Budge [31]
A social history of Ethiopia : the northern and central highlands from early medieval times to the rise of Emperor Téwodros II. Richard Pankhurst.[32]
A voyage to Abyssinia, and travels into the interior of that country, executed under the orders of the British government in the years 1809 and 1810. Henry Salt [33]
An introduction to the economic history of Ethiopia : from early times to 1800. Richard Pankhurst.[34]
Eritrea. Randall Fegly[35]
Eritrea : even the stones are burning. Roy Pateman[36]
Ethiopia under Mussolini : fascism and the colonial experience. Alberto Sbacchi. [37]
Historical dictionary of Ethiopia. Chris Prouty[38]
Layers of time : a history of Ethiopia. Paul B Henze [39]
Legacy of bitterness : Ethiopia and fascist Italy, 1935-1941. Alberto Sbacchi[40]
Marxist modern : an ethnographic history of the Ethiopian revolution. Donald Lewis Donham [41]
Priests and politicians: Protestant and Catholic missions in Orthodox Ethiopia, 1830-1868. Donald Crummey[42]
The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia : from earliest times to the twentieth century. Steven Kaplan [43]
The Era of the princes. Abir Mordechai [44]
The lost empire : the story of the Jesuits in Ethiopia, 1555-1634. Philip Caraman[45]
The Royal Chronicle of Abbysinia, 1769-1840. Herbert Joseph Weld Blundell [46]
Topic Amhara
Land tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia; the dynamics of cognatic descent. Allan Hoben[47]
Topic Various
Identity jilted, or, Re-imagining identity? : the divergent paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan nationalist struggles. Alemseged Abbay [48]
Sources available in Wiki Library
Cambridge
A Victorian Gentleman and Ethiopian Nationalist The Life and Times of Hakim Wärqenäh, Dr. Charles Martin. Peter P. Garretson.[49]
Ethiopian Warriorhood: Defence, Land and Society 1800-1941. Tsehai Berhane-Selassie.[50]
Hakluytus Posthumus or, Purchas his Pilgrimes volume 7. Samuel Purchas.[51]
Initia Amharica. C.H. Armbruster.[52]
Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842.[53]
Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919–1935 The Origins of Fascist Italy's African War. Robert Mallett.[54]
Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the Years 1520–1527. Francisco Alvarez.[55]
The Cambridge History of Africa.[56]
The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce. Volume 1.[57]
The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce. Volume 2.[58]
The United States and Fascist Italy. Gian Giacomo Migone.[59]
Other Library's
Biodiversitylibrary.org
Travels to discover the source of the Nile : in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773. In six volumes. James Bruce [60]
Voyages and travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abyssinia, and Egypt, in the years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, and 1806. Henry Salt [61]
Sources: Journals
Aethiopica. International journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies [62]
Boston University African Studies Center. Jstor [63]
Itinerario. Cambridge on behalf of Leiden [64]
Journal of Ethiopian Studies. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Jstor [65]
Northeast African Studies. Michigan State University Press. Jstor [66][67]
Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. UCLA [68]
Topic specific sources
About Welkait/Amhara history/dispute
Which Way the Horn of Africa: Disintegration or Confederation. Daniel Kendie (1994) [69]
News
BBC [70]
Sources
Amharic
Amharic are reliable, up to date and correspond to the data in source (Ethnologue). The exact unrounded figures are:
- L1 in Ethiopia: 31,800,000
- L2 in Ethiopia: 25,100,000
- L1 worldwide: 32,345,260
- L2 worldwide: 25,100,000
Girma A. Demeke: [71]
Early mention of Amhara
A chronicle 1128 AD: Cite error: The opening <ref>
tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).[72]
Categorize =
Music section sources: [73] & [74] & [75] & [76] & [77] & [78] & [79] & [80]
Source: Azmari Poet-Musicians: [81]
Source: [82]
source: Wald Saala [83]
source: Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Vol.1 A-C by Siegbert Uhlig[84]
source: Proceedings Siegbert Ughlig [85]
Source: Theatre [86]
Source: Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Volume 1 [87]
Wube Haile Maryam:[88][88]: 549 [89][90][91] &
[92]
& [93][94][95] &
which culminated in a victory at the battle of Faras May.
After conquering Tigray in 1831, Wube gained the submission of the lord of Merab Mellash in 1832, and after suppressing a revolt against his rule, imposed a military government throughout the Eritrean highlands in the 1840's, using a policy of divide-and-rule that set Akele Guzai against Seraye, clan against clan, the highlands against the lowlands, and left a legacy of bitter feuds that divided Eritrea for a century. His last raid was in 1850, against Senhit and Barka, in an effort to block Egyptian expansion and to seize Kunama and Bilen slaves. His power then declined, defeated by Tewodros in 1855.[104]
Mansfield Parkyns traveled from Massawa to Adua on a route somewhat different from that taken by other European travelers and found that the first Christian villae, Kiaquor, under control of the Abyssinian dejazmach Wube, was well inside Hamasien. [105]
Proceedings Qene: [106]
Books
Amhara/Amharic
The Languages of Israel. Spolsky, Shohamy [107]
Biographies
Dictionary of African Biography vol 1-6 (Oxford, 2012) [108][109]
The life and Times of Menelik II. Harold G Marcus [110]
Encyclopedia
Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol 4: O-W [111]
History
Church and State. Taddesse Tamrat [112]
Greater Ethiopia. Levine [113]
The Ethiopians. Pankhurst [114]
The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia. Donham [115]
Music
SING AND SING ON : sentinel musicians and the making of the ethiopian american diaspora. Kaufman [116]
Theater
African Theatre 14: Contemporary Women. Plastow, Solomon[117]
African Theatre Histories 1850-1950. Plastow [118]
Azmari Songs
Poem: The description of Major William Cornwallis Harris on the perfomance of an female Azmari in negus Sahle Selassie court. The poem song reveals the political atmoshere and prevailing attitudes of Sahle's court towards his enemies.
In stature like the lance he bears,
His godlike mien the prince declares;
And famed for virtue through the land,
All bow to Saloo's just command.
The sabre feels the royal grasp,
And Pagans writhe in death's cold clasp;
The Galla taste the captive fare,
And dread the vengeance which they dare.— A memorable observation by Major William Cornwallis Harris, of an female Azmari praise of king Sahle Selassie court, in " Misgana (translated from Amharic) praise song", [119]
Culture Section
Cuisine section =
Summary:
Main articles: Ethiopian cuisine & Wat (food)
The Amharas' cuisine consists of various vegetable or spicy meat side dishes and entrées, usually a wat, or thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread made of teff flour in the shape of pancakes usually of about 30 to 45 cm in diameter. When eating traditional injera dishes in groups, it's normally it eaten from a mesob (shared food basket), with each person breaking off pieces of injera flatbread using only the right hand, from the side nearest them and dipping it into stew in the center of the basket. There is also a great variety of vegetarian stews such as lentils, ground split peas, grains, accompanied by injera and/or bread. Amharas adhering to any of the Abrahmic religions do not eat pork or shellfish of any kind for religious reasons. Amhara Orthodox Christians do not consume meat and diary products (i.e. egg, butter, milk, and cheese) on Wednesdays and Fridays except the 50 days between Easter and Pentecost. Meat and diary products are only eaten on feasting days i.e. Christmas, Epiphany, Easter and at all other times.[120] [121]
Ethiopia is a big buna(coffee) exporter, but also has a very large domestic consumer base. During social gatherings Amharas drink Buna in a unique and traditional way known as a coffee ceremony. First the coffee is roasted, then ground and placed in a Jebena (coffee pot) with boiling water. When ready it is then served to people in little cups, up to three times per ceremony. The ceremony is typically performed by the woman of the household, or the female host and is considered an honor. Amhara women dress up for the occasion in a Habesha kemis, a traditionel dress. Other locally produced beverages are tella(beer) and tej(honey wine), which are served and drunk on major religious festivals, Saints Days and weddings.[122] [123]
sources:
Doro Wot A stew dish served with beef, lamb, chicken, eggs and variety of vegetables, on top of Injera flatbread. |
Gored gored A spicy raw beef dish seasoned with a variety of spices. |
Tibs Grilled beef with tomato, onions and green peper. There are several variations of Tibs dishes. |
ful Beans with variety of vegetables, feta cheese and bread, flavored with Berbere spice and olive oil. |
vegan dish.
|
Tej Honey Wine. |
Buna Amhara coffee culture & hospitality. Young woman in traditional wear serving coffee. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Literature section
Main article: List of Amharic writers Surviving Amharic literary
works dates back to the 14th century, when songs and poems were composed. In the 17th century Amharic became the first African language to be translated into Latin[124] when Ethiopian priest and lexicographer Abba Gorgoryos(1595–1658) made a European voyage to Thuringia in Germany in 1652 AD. Gorgoryos along with his colleague and friend Hiob Ludolf co-authored the earliest grammar book of the Amharic language, an Amharic-Latin dictionary and as well as contributing to Ludolf's book "A History of Ethiopia".[125][126] History of modern literature in Amharic hoewever started two centuries later than in Europe, with the first Amharic fiction Novel Ləbb Wälläd Tarik, published in Rome in 1908, widely considered the first novel in Amharic, by Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus.[127] Since then countless of literature in Amharic was published, and many modern writers in Amharic translate their work into English for commercial considerations.[128]
Summary: sources: Getatchew Haile [129]
Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus (1868-1947) |
Heruy Wolde Selassie (1878-1938) |
Haddis Alemayehu (1910–2003) |
Kebede Michael (1916–1998) |
Getatchew Haile (1931–2021) |
Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin (1936–2006) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Architecture section
Istifanos Monastery (9th and 13th century) |
Genneta Maryam (13th century) |
Guzara Castle (16th century) |
Teddy Afro (1976–present) |
Debre Berhan Selassie Church (17th century) |
Zeritu Kebede (1984–present) |
Mentewab's castle (18th century) |
Maryam Church (19th century) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Music section
Main article: List of musicians using Amharic vocals Summary:
Up until the mid 20th century, Amharic music consisted mainly of religious and secular folk songs and dances.[130] Qañat Amhara secular folk music developed in the countryside[131] through the use of traditionel instruments such as the masenqo, a one-string bowed lute; the krar, a six-string lyre; and the washint flute played by the local village musicians called the Azmaris,[132] and the peasantry dancing the Eskista; the most well known Amharan folk dance.[133] The begena, a large ten-string lyre; is an important instrument solely devoted to the spiritual part of Amhara music.[134] Other instruments includes the Meleket wind instrument, and the Kebero and Negarit drums.
From the 1950's onward foreign influence i.e foreign educated Ethiopians and the availability of larger quantities of new instruments led to new genre's of Amharic music and ushered in the 1960's and 1970's Golden age of Ethiopian music.[135][136] The popular Ethio-Jazz genre pioneered by Mulatu Astatke was created from the Tizita qañat of the Amhara combined with the use of Western instruments.[137] Saxophone legend Getatchew Mekurya instrumentalized the Amhara war cry Shellela into an genre in the 1950's before joining the Ethio-Jazz scene later in his career.[138][139] Other Amharic artists from the Golden age such as Asnaketch Worku, Bahru Kegne, Kassa Tessema and Mary Armede were renowned for their mastery of traditionel instruments.
The political turmoil during the
Getatchew Mekurya (1935-2016) |
Tilahun Gessesse (1940-2009) |
Alemayehu Eshete (1941–2021) |
Mulatu Astatke (1943–present) |
Alemu Aga (1950–present) |
Aster Aweke (1959–present) |
Teddy Afro (1976-present) |
Zeritu Kebede (1984-present) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tilahun Gessesse (1940-2009) |
Alemayehu Eshete (1941–2021) |
Alemu Aga (1950–present) |
Aster Aweke (1959–present) |
Teddy Afro (1976–present) |
Zeritu Kebede (1984–present) |
The Weeknd (1990-present) |
Eden Alene (2000-present) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sports section
Abebe Bikila (1932-1973) |
Seifu Makonnen (1952-2020) |
Haile Gebrselassie (1973–present) |
Meselech Melkamu (1985–present) |
Almaz Ayana (1991–present) |
Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin (1936–2006) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Abebe Bikila
- Almaz Ayana
- Haile Gebrselassie
- Seifu Makonnen[145]
- Meselech Melkamu
- Loza Abera
- Abebe Mekonnen
- Gete Wami
- Hiwot Ayalew
- Mel Taufer
- Sentayehu Ejigu
- Sofia Assefa
- Terefe Maregu
- Wude Ayalew
- Yanet Seyoum
- Yidnekatchew Tessema
Films Section
Tesfaye Gessesse (1937-2020) |
Haile Gerima (1946-present) |
Amleset Muchie (1978–present) |
Mahder Assefa (1987–present) |
Hanan Tarik (1994–present) |
Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin (1936–2006) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
File:Hanan Tarik in 2019.png |
- Amleset Muchie
- Haile Gerima
- Hanan Tarik
- Hermon Hailay
- Mahder Assefa
- Mehret Mandefro
- Meron Getnet
- Salem Mekuria
- Tesfaye Gessesse[146]
- Zeresenay Berhane Mehari
Theater section
Art Section
- Afewerk Tekle
- Agegnehu Engida[147]
- Mezgebu Tesema
- Skunder Boghossian
- Wosene Worke Kosrof[148]
- Adamu Tesfaw
- Ale Felege Selam
- Gebre Kristos Desta
- Gedewon
- Kebedech Tekleab f
- Martha Nasibù f
- Zerihun Yetmgeta
Science & Technology section
- Aberra Molla[149][150][151][152]
- Addisu Damena[153][154]
- Berhane Asfaw
- Betelhem Dessie f
- Melaku Worede f
- Rediet Abebe f
- Segenet Kelemu f
- Senait Fisseha f
- Sossina M. Haile f [155]
Others notable
- Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin
- Abuna Dioskoros (Aba Wolde Tensai)
- Alem Zewde Tessema
- Alfred Ilg
- Almayahu Haile
- Amsale Aberra
- Amsale Gualu first female Captain pilot
- Atnafu Abate
- Ashagre Yigletu
- Asnaketch Worku
- Asrat Woldeyes
- Billene Seyoum Woldeyesf politician, poet & author
- Fikirte Addis
- Gebre Hanna
- Gelanesh Haddis female Poet qene form
- Haile Giyorgis Woldemikael
- Hirut Kassaw f
- Hizkias Assefa
- Makonnen Endelkachew also writer
- Melesse Temesgen
- Mikael Imru
- Mulugeta Yeggazu
- Saga za Ab
- Sahle-Work Zewde f
- Sebsebe Demissew
- Senedu Gebru first female politician
- Sophia Bekele f
- Walda Heywat
- Wolle Chekol
- Workneh Eshete
- Yacob Haile-Mariam
- Zenebework
Articles i might create
Vocalist
- Gili Yalo[156][157]
- Hebist Tiruneh[158][159]
- Kassa Tessema[160][161]
- Minyeshu[162]
- Nerses Nalbandian[163]
- Negatwa Kelkay or Nigatwa Kelkay
Writers
References
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=7_OSo6tOZOsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=isenberg+Dictionary+of+the+Amharic+language&hl=nl&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=isenberg%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Amharic%20language&f=false
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=eAsIAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grammar+of+the+Amharic+language+isenberg&hl=nl&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Grammar%20of%20the%20Amharic%20language%20isenberg&f=false
- ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Jacques-Poncet
- ^ https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0031.007/--french-physician-at-the-court-of-gondar-poncets-ethiopia?rgn=main;view=fulltext
- OCLC 953237273.
- OCLC 722894586.
- ISBN 9783447052382.
- )
- ISBN 978-3-447-06246-6.
- ISBN 9783447067409.
- ISBN 9781569021163.
- ISBN 9780226475615.
- ISBN 9783030649340.
- )
- ISBN 9780435322199.
- ISBN 9781912866311.
- ISBN 9781914059681.
- ISBN 9780932415196.
- ISBN 9780631224938.
- ISBN 9781569020104.
- ISBN 9780567695024.
- OCLC 1036909730.
- ISBN 9783515037167.
- OCLC 1015115240.
- OCLC 38767663.
- OCLC 38767663.
- )
- ISBN 9780932415103.
- ISBN 9780520081215.
- ISBN 9780821414408.
- OCLC 874381390.
- OCLC 895098932.
- OCLC 956860.
- OCLC 581459184.
- OCLC 42854216.
- OCLC 1034663546.
- OCLC 1149023628.
- ISBN 081081448X.
- ISBN 0312227191.
- OCLC 1302151182.
- OCLC 1150290531.
- OCLC 1151093292.
- OCLC 794701150.
- OCLC 729977710.
- OCLC 1245527547.
- ^ Weld-Blundell, Herbert Joseph (1922). The Royal Chronicle of Abbysinia, 1769-1840;. Cambridge University Press.
- OCLC 1150084820.
- ISBN 1569020728.
- ISBN 9781846159688.
- ISBN 9781787443419.
- ISBN 9781316035054.
- ISBN 9780511708695.
- ISBN 9781139062169.
- ISBN 9781316106730.
- ISBN 9780511697654.
- ISBN 9781139054577.
- ISBN 9781107450516.
- ISBN 9781107450585.
- ISBN 9781139021807.
- )
- OCLC 15027465.
- ^ https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/aethiopica/issue/archive
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/publisher/buafc
- ^ https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/journal/jethistud?
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/journal/nortafristud
- ^ https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/136
- ^ https://escholarship.org/uc/international_asc_ufahamu
- ^ Kendie, Daniel (1994). "Which Way the Horn of Africa: Disintegration or Confederation". Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies. 22 (1–2): 47–53.
- ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-61387303
- OCLC 824502290.
- ^ IL SULTANATO DELLO SCIOA NEL SECOLO XIII, page 10, Enrico Cerulli., 1941
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/40732822
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/42005318
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/41966036
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/41967466
- ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/24584893
- ^ https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.2160&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ^ https://www.rfi.fr/en/culture/20211021-a-meeting-ethiopian-musician-alemu-aga-and-his-mesmerising-begena-lyre
- ^ Milkias, Paulos (2011). Ethiopia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 344-345.
- .
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2017). Ethiopia : history, culture and challenges. Munster, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. p. 207.
- ^ Boll, Verena (2005). Ethiopia and the missions: historical and anthropological insights. p. 8.
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Vol. 1. A - C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2006). Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20-25, 2003. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 185.
- ^ https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/42005268?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
- )
- ^ ISBN 9780810875050.
- ISBN 9780195382075.
- )
- ISBN 9781884964039.
- ISBN 9780932415103.
- ^ https://www.google.com/search?q=wube+1828&tbm=bks&ei=JvImYvOvO8XssAeH-6LwCQ&start=10&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjz2syj7LX2AhVFNuwKHYe9CJ4Q8tMDegQIARBD&biw=1600&bih=770&dpr=1
- ^ https://www.google.com/search?q=wube+subagadis&biw=1600&bih=770&tbm=bks&ei=E9gmYtjhMa6Ci-gPi5qQmA4&ved=0ahUKEwiYt9G007X2AhUuwQIHHQsNBOMQ4dUDCAo&uact=5&oq=wube+subagadis&gs_lcp=Cg1nd3Mtd2l6LWJvb2tzEANQviBYvFVghFpoAHAAeACAAUiIAcEKkgECMjWYAQCgAQHAAQE&sclient=gws-wiz-books
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=AaMxAAAAIAAJ&q=wube+subagadis&dq=wube+subagadis&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic3p7d07X2AhVLnKQKHV3gC-MQ6AF6BAgGEAI
- ^ Caulk, Richard (1984). "Bad Men of the Borders: Shum and Shefta in Northern Ethiopia in the 19th Century". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 17 (2). Boston University African Center: 204.
- ^ https://www.google.com/search?q=subagadis+irob&sxsrf=APq-WBv7XeXTIm83SdpLFSNOjd0FTosuYA:1646950314815&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAruiDyLz2AhWFHOwKHRLWDCMQ_AUoAXoECAEQCw&biw=1600&bih=827&dpr=1
- ISBN 9783447047999.
- .
- ^ https://www.academia.edu/45584375/An_Ethiopian_Scholar_in_Tridentine_Rome_Tasfa_Seyon_and_the_Birth_of_Orientalism
- ^ https://www.routledge.com/The-African-Prester-John-and-the-Birth-of-Ethiopian-European-Relations/Salvadore/p/book/9780367204518
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=thgQAQAAMAAJ&q=gebre+of+semien&dq=gebre+of+semien&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrITWzK72AhUMPOwKHa9bCXIQ6AF6BAgEEAI
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=nWIpAQAAIAAJ&q=gebre+of+semien&dq=gebre+of+semien&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwrITWzK72AhUMPOwKHa9bCXIQ6AF6BAgLEAI
- ISBN 9780810875050.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Pateman1998
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Moges, Alemayyehu (1969–1970). "Geez and Amharic study without "Qene" is incomplete". In Haile Selassie I University; Thomas Leiper Kane Collection (Library of Congress. Hebraic Section) (eds.). Proceedings. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Haile Selassie I University. pp. 99–116.
- )
- ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012). Dictionary of African biography vol 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ISBN 9780195382075.
- ISBN 0198216742.
- ISBN 978-3-447-06246-6.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972). Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ Levine, Donald N. Greater Ethiopia : the evolution of a multiethnic society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ISBN 9780631224938.
- )
- ISBN 9780226810027.
- )
- )
- ^ The Highlands of Ethiopia (London, 1844) vol.3 page 288
- ^ "Ethiopian Treasures- Culture". Ethiopian Treasures.
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=PA62&dq=amharic+cuisine&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-ZuRgabwAhXlwAIHHW_hBl0Q6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=amharic%20cuisine&f=false
- ^ "Ethiopian Treasures- Culture". Ethiopian Treasures.
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&pg=PA62&dq=amharic+cuisine&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-ZuRgabwAhXlwAIHHW_hBl0Q6AEwAHoECAIQAg#v=onepage&q=amharic%20cuisine&f=false
- ^ Ludolf, Hiob. 1682. A New History of Ethiopia. Being a Full and Accurate Description of the Kingdom of Abyssinia, Vulgarly, Though Erroneously Called the Empire of Prester John. Translated by J. P. Gent. London: Samuel Smith Booksellers.
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert. 2005. "Gorgoryos." In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha: Vol. 2, edited by Siegbert Uhlig, 855–856. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- ^ https://books.google.nl/books?id=RwHtFaHBbtoC&pg=PA934&dq=abba+gregory%27s+thuringia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmgsLfj6jxAhWS7eAKHRenCRIQ6AEwAHoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=abba%20gregory's%20thuringia&f=false
- ^ Admassu, Yonas. 2003. "Afäwarq Gäbrä Iyäsus." In Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C: Vol. 1, edited by Siegbert Uhlig, 122–124. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
- ^ http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/1286
- ^ https://www.startribune.com/getatchew-haile-renowned-ethiopian-philologist-and-beloved-st-john-s-professor-dies-at-90/600070033/?refresh=true
- ^ Shelemay, pp. 355–356
- ^ https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2013_num_28_1_1539
- .
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2017). Ethiopia : history, culture and challenges. Munster, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. p. 207.
- ^ https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.2160&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070214114013/http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/107/Kay%2BKaufman%2BShelemay-Ethiopia%3A%2BEmpire%2Band%2BRevolution
- ^ https://www.npr.org/2012/11/08/164682116/samuel-yirga-ushers-in-a-golden-age-of-ethiopian-music
- ^ https://explorepartsunknown.com/ethiopia/how-ethiopian-jazz-got-its-unique-sound/
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2006). Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Hamburg, July 20-25, 2003. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 185.
- ^ https://writteninmusic.com/artikel/getatchew-mekuria-leeuw-der-leeuwen/
- ^ Shelemay, 2022, Sing and Sing On: Sentinel Musicians and the Making of the Ethiopian American Diaspora
- ^ https://www.leguesswho.nl/lineup/ayalew-mesfin-debo-band
- ^ https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/37173
- ^ https://www.brilliant-ethiopia.com/ethiopian-music
- ^ Onyebadi, Uche (2019). Music and messaging in the African political arena. Hershey, Pennsylvania (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA): IGI Global. p. 12-17.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20210304132204/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-jan-03-la-me-ethiopian-boxer-20110103-story.html
- ^ https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2020/12/20/tesfaye-gessesse-1936-2020/
- ^ https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0084
- ^ https://www.sullivangoss.com/artists/wosene-kosrof
- ^ https://ecadforum.com/2017/12/29/ethiopia-life-and-legacy-of-dr-aberra-molla-pt-1-and-2-sbs-amharic/
- ^ https://satenaw.com/dr-aberra-molla-2017-honoree-ethiopian-heritage-society-north-america/
- ^ https://ethiopianege.com/archives/14137
- ^ https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090179778A1/en
- ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03080188.2020.1830234
- ^ https://www.tanaexpress.net/privacy_policy.html
- ^ https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/sossina-haile
- ^ "Gili Yalo". May 19, 2017 – via catalog.loc.gov Library Catalog.
- ^ Gluckin, Rabbi Tzvi (September 5, 2020). "Meet Ethiopian-Born Israeli Singer, Gili Yalo". aishcom.
- ^ "Bezu ʼaytanāl: ʼAsebeleñ ; ʼAyeṭāl naw ; ʼEnātén ʼadarā ; Barči baluñ ; Men yešālāl ; Lélām yalañ ; Koyāmagālé ; Zamanāy ; Ǧamarañ". May 19, 1985 – via catalog.loc.gov Library Catalog.
- ^ "Hebist Tiruneh". Discogs.
- ^ tessema, kassa. "Search results from Audio Recording, Songs, Amharic, Amharic, Tessema, Kassa". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
- ^ "Kassa Tessema discography - RYM/Sonemic". Rate Your Music.
- ^ "tropicalidad.be » Interview met Minyeshu in het Zuiderpershuis". tropicalidad.be.
- ^ https://armenianweekly.com/2012/08/04/one-mans-attempt-to-capture-ethiopian-armenians-dying-legacy/
- ^ http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no96028440/