User:Dorje108/Pratītyasamutpāda

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Translations of
Pratītyasamutpāda
Englishdependent origination,
dependent arising,
interdependent co-arising,
conditioned arising,
etc.
Tibetan
རྟེན་ཅིང་འབྲེལ་བར་འབྱུང་བ་
(Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar
'byung ba
THL: ten-ching drelwar
jungwa)
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Pratītyasamutpāda (Sanskrit; Pali:paticcasamuppāda) is commonly translated as dependent origination or dependent arising. The term is used in the Buddhist teachings in two senses:

  • On a general level, it refers to one of the central concepts in the Buddhist tradition--that all things arise in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions.
  • On a specific level, the term is also used to refer to a specific application of this general principle--namely the
    twelve links of dependent origination
    .

The concept of pratītyasamutpāda (in both the general and specific meanings) is the basis for other key concepts in Buddhism, such as

sunyata
).

Meanings of Pratītyasamutpāda

Pratityasamupada is a Sanskrit term that has been translated into English in a variety of ways. The most common translations are dependent origination or dependent arising. But the term is also translated as interdependent co-arising, conditioned arising, conditioned genesis, etc. The term could be translated somewhat more literally as arising in dependence upon conditions. The Dalai Lama explains:[1]

In Sanskrit the word for dependent-arising is pratityasamutpada. The word pratitya has three different meanings–meeting, relying, and depending–but all three, in terms of their basic import, mean dependence. Samutpada means arising. Hence, the meaning of pratityasamutpada is that which arises in dependence upon conditions, in reliance upon conditions, through the force of conditions.

The term is used in the Buddhist tradition in a general and a specific sense, namely the general principle of interdependent causation and its application in the

twelve nidanas.[a]
Generally speaking, in the Mahayana tradition, pratityasamutpada (Sanskrit) is used to refer to the general principal of interdependent causation, whereas in the Theravada tradition, paticcasamuppāda (Pali) is used to refer to the twelve nidanas.

The principle of interdependent causation

Overview

The general or universal definition of pratityasamutpada (or "dependent origination" or "dependent arising" or "interdependent co-arising") is that everything arises in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions; nothing exists as an singular, independent entity.[b][c][d][e] A traditional example used in Buddhist texts is of three sticks standing upright and leaning against each other and supporting each other. If one stick is taken away, the other two will fall to the ground. Thich Nhat Hanh explains:

Pratitya samutpada is sometimes called the teaching of cause and effect, but that can be misleading, because we usually think of cause and effect as separate entities, with cause always preceding effect, and one cause leading to one effect. According to the teaching of Interdependent Co-Arising, cause and effect co-arise (samutpada) and everything is a result of multiple causes and conditions... In the sutras, this image is given: "Three cut reeds can stand only by leaning on one another. If you take one away, the other two will fall." For a table to exist, we need wood, a carpenter, time, skillfulness, and many other causes. And each of these causes needs other causes to be. The wood needs the forest, the sunshine, the rain, and so on. The carpenter needs his parents, breakfast, fresh air, and so on. And each of those things, in turn, has to be brought about by other causes and conditions. If we continue to look in this way, we'll see that nothing has been left out. Everything in the cosmos has come together to bring us this table. Looking deeply at the sunshine, the leaves of the tree, and the clouds, we can see the table. The one can be seen in the all, and the all can be seen in the one. One cause is never enough to bring about an effect. A cause must, at the same time, be an effect, and every effect must also be the cause of something else. Cause and effect inter-are. The idea of first and only cause, something that does not itself need a cause, cannot be applied.[8]

This is, because that is

A key expression of the principle of pratityasamutpada is found in may sutras:[f]

This is, because that is.
This is not, because that is not.
This ceases to be, because that ceases to be.

Rupert Gethin explains "..the succinct formula state[s] baldly that the secret of the universe lies in the nature of causality—the way one thing leads to another."[10] Thich Nhat Hanh states: "these sentences occur hundreds of times in both the Northern and Southern transmissions. They are the Buddhist genesis."[8]

Multiple causes and conditions

A key attribute of the principle of pratityasamutpada is that every result or outcome is the result of multiple causes and conditions. Rupert Gethin explains:[11]

...the Theravāda tradition records...as a fundamental axiom the principle that a single cause does not give rise to either a single result or several results; nor do several causes give rise to just one result; but rather several causes give rise to several results.[g][h][i]

Relation to other Buddhist concepts

The four noble truths

The principle of dependent origination is closely related to the Four Noble Truths.[j] Contemporary scholar Peter D. Santina explains:[web 3]

What is it that the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination have in common? The principle that both have in common is the principle of causality - the law of cause and effect, of action and consequence. ...we have mentioned that the Four Noble Truths are divided into two groups. The first two—suffering and the causes of suffering, and the last two—the end of suffering and the path to the end of suffering. In both of these groups, it is the law of cause and effect that governs the relationship between the two. In other words, suffering is the effect of the cause of suffering; and similarly, the end of suffering is the effect of the path to the end of suffering. Here too in regard to dependent origination, the fundamental principle at work is that of cause and effect. In dependent origination, we have a more detailed description of what actually takes place in the causal process.

Karma

The principle of dependent origination underpins the concept of karma, which is an application of this principle to individual actions and their fruition. Sogyal Rinpoche explains:[14]

In simple terms, what does karma mean? It means that whatever we do, with our body, speech, or mind, will have a corresponding result. Each action, even the smallest, is pregnant with its consequences. It is said by the masters that even a little poison can cause death and even a tiny seed can become a huge tree. And as Buddha said: “Do not overlook negative actions merely because they are small; however small a spark may be, it can burn down a haystack as big as a mountain.” Similarly he said: “Do not overlook tiny good actions, thinking they are of no benefit; even tiny drops of water in the end will fill a huge vessel.” Karma does not decay like external things, or ever become inoperative. It cannot be destroyed “by time, fire, or water.” Its power will never disappear, until it is ripened. Although the results of our actions may not have matured yet, they will inevitably ripen, given the right conditions.

As in the principle of dependent origination, within the functioning of karma, every fruition is said to depend upon multiple causes and conditions. Sogyal Rinpoche explains:[14]

The results of our actions are often delayed, even into future lifetimes; we cannot pin down one cause, because any event can be an extremely complicated mixture of many karmas ripening together.

Bhikkhu Thanissaro emphasizes the same point; he states:

...one of the many things the Buddha discovered in the course of his awakening was that causality is not linear. The experience of the present is shaped both by actions in the present and by actions in the past. Actions in the present shape both the present and the future. The results of past and present actions continually interact. Thus there is always room for new input into the system, which gives scope for free will.[k]

No-self (anatman)

The principle of dependent origination also applies to the concept of no-self (

anatman).[l]
The concept of no-self or anatman or emptiness of self is that it is not possible to identify an independent, inherently existing self; that the self only exists in dependence upon causes and conditions. This theory can be broken down as follows:

  • If you look for the self within the body, you can not find it there, since the body itself is dependent upon its parts.
  • If you look for the self within the mind, you can not find it there, since the mind can only be said to exist in relation to external objects; therefore the mind is also dependent upon causes and conditions outside of itself.
  • Hence, since the self can not be said to exist within the body or mind, it is said to be "empty of inherent existence".

Emptiness (sunyata)

In the Mahayana tradition, the principle of pratītyasamutpāda is said to compliment the concept of emptiness (

sunyata). It is said that because all things arise in dependence upon causes and conditions, they are empty of inherent existence.[m]

For example, in the twenty-fourth chapter of his Treatise on the Middle Way, Nagarjuna states:[17]

Whatever arises dependently
Is explained as empty.
Thus dependent attribution
Is the middle way.

Since there is nothing whatever
That is not dependently existent,
For that reason there is nothing
Whatsoever that is not empty.

Geshe Sonam Rinchen explains the above quote as follows: "Here Nagarjuna states the Madhyamika or middle way position. Everything that exists does so dependently and everything that is dependently existent necessarily lacks independent objective existence."[17]

The twelve nidanas

Main article:
Twelve Nidanas

The

dukkha, as well as the possibility to revert this process, and hence liberate oneself from samsara.[n]
Within the Theravada Buddhist tradition, the twelve nidanas are considered to be the most significant application of the principle of dependent origination.

This twelve-factor formula is the most familiar presentation, though a number of early sutras introduce lesser-known variants which make it clear that the sequence of factors should not be regarded as a linear causal process in which each preceding factor gives rise to its successor through a simple reaction. The relationship among factors is always complex, involving several strands of conditioning.[18] For example, whenever there is ignorance, craving and clinging invariably follow, and craving and clinging themselves indicate ignorance.[19]

The thrust of the formula is such that when certain conditions are present, they give rise to subsequent conditions, which in turn give rise to other conditions and the cyclical nature of life in

Samsara can be seen. This is graphically illustrated in the Bhavacakra
(wheel of life).

The twelve nidanas and their causal relationships can be expressed as follows:

English Terms Sanskrit Terms
With
Mental Formations
arise 		With
Saṃskāra
arises
With Mental Formations as condition,
Consciousness
arises 		With
Vijñāna
arises
With Consciousness as condition, Mind and Matter arise With
Vijñāna as condition, Nāmarūpa
arises
With Mind and Matter as condition,
Sense Gates
arise 		With
Ṣaḍāyatana
arises
With Sense Gates as condition, Contact arises With
Ṣaḍāyatana as condition, Sparśa
arises
With Contact as condition,
Feeling
arises 		With
Vedanā
arises
With Feeling as condition, Craving arises With
Vedanā as condition, Tṛṣṇā
arises
With Craving as condition,
Clinging
arises 		With
Upādāna
arises
With Clinging as condition, Becoming arises With
Upādāna as condition, Bhava
arises
With Becoming as a condition,
Birth
arises 		With
Jāti
arises
With Birth as condition,
Aging and Dying
arise 		With
Jarāmaraṇa
arises

Understanding in Buddhist tradition

Theravāda

Within the Theravada Buddhist tradition, the twelve nidanas are considered to be the most significant application of the principle of dependent origination.[o]

Also in the Theravada tradition, the following key teachings on the principle of dependent origination are found in the Pali suttas:[10]

  • Śāriputra’s introduction to the teaching of the Buddha was in the form of the following summary verse recited to him by the monk Aśvajit: "Of those dharmas which arise from a cause, the Tathāgata has stated the cause, and also the cessation; such is the teaching of the Great Ascetic."
  • Another formula states the principle of causality (idaṃpratyayatā) as ‘this existing, that exists; this arising, that arises; this not existing, that does not exist; this ceasing, that ceases’.(Majjhima Nikāya iii. 63; Samyutta Nikāya v. 387; etc.)

Mahayana

Madhyamaka

Main article: Madhyamaka

In the Madhyamaka, to say that an object is "empty" is synonymous with saying that it is dependently originated.

Nāgārjuna equates emptiness with dependent origination in Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 24:18.[20] In his analysis, any enduring essential nature (svabhāva) would prevent the process of dependent origination, would prevent any kind of origination at all, for things would simply always have been and will always continue to be, i.e. as existents (bhāva). Madhyamaka suggests that impermanent collections of causes and conditions are designated by mere conceptual labels, which also applies to the causes and conditions themselves and even the principle of causality itself since everything is dependently originated (i.e. empty).[21]
If unaware of this, things may seem to arise as existents, remain for a time and then subsequently perish.

Hau Yen school

Main article:
Huayan school

The

Hua Yen school taught the doctrine of the mutual containment and interpenetration of all phenomena, as expressed in Indra's net. One thing contains all other existing things, and all existing things contain that one thing. This philosophy is based in the tradition of the great Madhyamaka scholar Nagarjuna
.

Other applications and understandings

Comparison to Western philosophy

Jay Garfield points out the similarities between pratītyasamutpāda and the philosophies of Hume, Kant, and others. Garfield states:

The analysis of causation can often look like a highly technical aside in philosophy. It might not seem at first glance to be one of the really "big" questions, like those concerning what entities there are, what the nature of mind is, what the highest good is. By contrast, causation often appears to the outsider or to the beginner like one of those recherche corners of philosophy that one has to work one's way into. But of course even in the history of Western metaphysics and epistemology it has always been central. One has only to think of the role of a theory of causation for Hume, Kant, Schopenhauer, or Wittgenstein to see this. This study of the Mulamadhyamikakarika shows why: a clear understanding of the nature of the causal relation is the key to understanding the nature of reality itself and of our relation to it. For causation is, as Hume, Kant, and Schopenhauer as well as Nagarjuna emphasize, at the heart of our individuation of objects, of our ordering of our experience of the world, and of our understanding of our own agency in the world. Without a clear view of causation, we can have no clear view of anything.[22]
Relation to metaphysics

Bhikkhu Thanissaro explains that the Buddha did not intend to put forth a system of metaphysics:[23]

The Buddha was very clear on the point that he did not mean for his teachings to become a metaphysical system or for them to be adhered to simply for the sake of their truth value. He discussed metaphysical topics only when they could play a role in skillful behavior. Many metaphysical questions—such as whether or not there is a soul or self, whether or not the world is eternal, whether or not it is infinite, etc.—he refused to answer, on the grounds that they were either counterproductive or irrelevant to the task at hand: that of gaining escape from the stress and suffering inherent in time and the present.

However, scholars have noted the similarities between the doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda and the Western philosophy of metaphysics (the study of the nature of being and the world).[p] One source, however, asserts that pratītyasamutpāda should not be considered a metaphysical doctrine in the strictest sense, since it does confirm or deny specific entities or realities.[q]

Noa Ronkin notes that while the Buddha suspends all views regarding certain metaphysical questions, he does not deny the significance of the questions.[r] This suggests that pratītyasamutpāda might be considered a metaphysic of volitions (or karma).[s]

Relation to radical phenomenology

Bhikkhu Thanissaro relates the Buddhist concept of karma to the modern philosophy of radical phenomenology; he sates:[27]

To avoid the drawbacks of the narrative and cosmological mind-sets, the Buddha pursued an entirely different tack—what he called “entry into emptiness,” and what modern philosophy calls radical phenomenology: a focus on the events of present consciousness, in and of themselves, without reference to questions of whether there are any entities underlying those events. In the Buddha’s case, he focused simply on the process of kammic cause and result as it played itself out in the immediate present, in the process of developing the skillfulness of the mind, without reference to who or what lay behind those processes. On the most basic level of this mode of awareness, there was no sense even of “existence” or “nonexistence”..., but simply the events of stress, its origination, its cessation, and the path to its cessation, arising and passing away.

Theory of the origin of the universe

The principle of pratītyasamutpāda is the basis for the Buddhist view that it is not possible to identify a beginning or origin of the world or universe. According to the Buddhist view, since all phenomena are dependent upon multiple causes and conditions, it can not be said that there was a first cause or event that sparked the creation of the universe. Thus Buddhist philosophy refutes the concepts of either a creator god or an initial event as posited in the "big bang theory". Dhammananda Maha Thera explains:

Modern science says that some millions of years ago, the newly cooled earth was lifeless and that life originated in the ocean. Buddhism never claimed that the world, sun, moon, stars, wind, water, days and nights were created by a powerful god or by a Buddha. Buddhists believe that the world was not created once upon a time, but that the world has been created millions of times every second and will continue to do so by itself and will break away by itself. According to Buddhism, world systems always appear and disappear in the universe.[28]

Interbeing and deep ecology

The

Theravada Buddhism and Jainism) have been characterised by an unusual sensitivity to living beings. Monks of both traditions are strictly forbidden from harming any life form, including even the smallest insects and vegetation. One of the basic ideas behind the Buddha's teaching of mutual interdependence is that ultimately there is no demarcation between what appears to be an individual creature and its environment. Harming the environment (the nexus of living beings of which one forms but a part) is thus, in a nontrivial sense, harming oneself. This philosophical position lies at the heart of modern-day deep ecology and some representatives of this movement (e.g. Joanna Macy
) have shown that Buddhist philosophy provides a basis for deep ecological thinking.

Alternate translations

The term pratītyasamutpāda been translated into English as follows:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pratītyasamutpāda has a general and specific meaning:
  2. ^ The general meaning of pratityasamutpada is that everything arises in dependence upon multiple causes and conditions:
    • The Dalai Lama states: "Dependent-arising is the general philosophy of all Buddhist systems even though many different interpretations are found among these systems. In Sanskrit the word for dependent-arising is pratityasamutpada. The word pratitya has three different meanings–meeting, relying, and depending–but all three, in terms of their basic import, mean dependence. Samutpada means arising. Hence, the meaning of pratityasamutpada is that which arises in dependence upon conditions, in reliance upon conditions, through the force of conditions. On a subtle level, it is explained as the main reason why phenomena are empty of inherent existence."[1]
    • Christina Feldman explains: What the pañicca-samuppàda actually describes is a vision of life or an understanding in which we see the way everything is interconnected—that there is nothing separate, nothing standing alone. Everything effects everything else. We are part of this system. We are part of this process of dependent origination—causal relationships effected by everything that happens around us and, in turn, effecting the kind of world that we all live in inwardly and outwardly.[web 2]
    • Sogyal Rinpoche states: "...all things, when seen and understood in their true relation, are not independent but interdependent with all other things. The Buddha compared the universe to a vast net woven of a countless variety of brilliant jewels, each with a countless number of facets. Each jewel reflects in itself every other jewel in the net and is, in fact, one with every other jewel... Think of a tree. When you think of a tree, you tend to think of a distinctly defined object; and on a certain level...it is. But when you look more closely at the tree, you will see that ultimately it has no independent existence. When you contemplate it, you will find that it dissolves into an extremely subtle net of relationships that stretches across the universe. The rain that falls on its leaves, the wind that sways it, the soil that nourishes and sustains it, all the seasons and the weather, moonlight and starlight and sunlight—all form part of this tree. As you begin to think about the tree more and more, you will discover that everything in the universe helps to make the tree what it is; that it cannot at any moment be isolated from anything else; and that at every moment its nature is subtly changing. This is what we mean when we say things are empty, that they have no independent existence."[4]
    • Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse states: "After a long time of contemplation, [Siddhartha] came to the realization that all form, including our flesh and bones, and all our emotions and all our perceptions, are assembled—they are the product of two or more things coming together. When any two components or more come together, a new phenomenon emerges—nails and wood become a table; water and leaves become tea; fear, devotion, and a savior become God. This end product doesn’t have an existence independent of its parts. Believing it truly exists independently is the greatest deception. Meanwhile the parts have undergone a change. Just by meeting, their character has changed and, together, they have become something else—they are “compounded.” [Siddhartha] realized that this applies not only to the human experience but to all matter, the entire world, the universe—because everything is interdependent, everything is subject to change. Not one component in all creation exists in an autonomous, permanent, pure state. Not the book you are holding, not atoms, not even the gods. So as long as something exists within reach of our mind, even in our imagination, such as a man with four arms, then it depends on the existence of something else."[5]
    • The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions states: "A key concept in Buddhism...states that all physical and mental manifestations which constitute individual appearances are interdependent and condition or affect one another, in a constant process of arising and ceasing."[6]
    • Nan Huai-Chin states: "Buddhist ontology points out that all relative phenomena arise and disappear through processes of cause and effect: this is called "interdependent origination" (Sanskrit: pratityasamutpada; in Chinese yuan ch'i). Accordingly, all such phenomena are dependent on the (temporary) linking of causal factors that bring them into existence and maintain them, and thus they have no stable, absolute identities independent of the web of causation. Lacking absolute independent entities they are said to be inherently empty".[7]
  3. D.T. Suzuki
    as the crowning achievement of Buddhist philosophy, elaborates in great detail in imagery of unsurpassed beauty this first general conception of dependent origination.
  4. Thich Nhat Hanh
    calls this reality of mutual interdependence 'Interbeing'.
  5. ^ Pratityasamutpada can also be described as follows: that all phenomena are arising together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. When one cause changes or disappears, the resulting object or phenomenon will also change or disappear, as will the objects or phenomena depending on the changing object or phenomenon.
  6. ^ A key expression of the principle of pratityasamutpada is found in may sutras:
    • Thich Nhat Hanh states: "The Buddha expressed interdependent Co-Arising very simply: "This is, because that is. This is not, because that is not. This comes to be, because that comes to be. This ceases to be, because that ceases to be." These sentences occur hundreds of times in both the Northern and Southern transmissions. They are the Buddhist genesis."[8]
    • Peter Harvey states: In its abstract form, the doctrine states: 'That being, this comes to be; from the arising of that, this arises; that being absent, this is not; from the cessation of that, this ceases.' (S.II.28) This states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except Nibbana) is independent.[3]
    • Christina Feldman states: "The basic principle of dependent origination is simplicity itself. The Buddha described it by saying: 'When there is this, that is. / With the arising of this, that arises. / When this is not, neither is that. / With the cessation of this, that ceases.' When all of these cycles of feeling, thought, bodily sensation, all of these cycles of mind and body, action, and movement, are taking place upon a foundation of ignorance—that’s called samsara.[web 2]
    • Joseph Goldstien states: "At the heart of his teaching is the principle of dependent origination: because of this, that arises; when this ceases, that also ceases. The law of dependent origination is central to understanding not only the arising of our precious human birth, but also the unfolding process of life itself, in all its pain and beauty."[9]
    • Rupert Gethin: "Another succinct formula states the principle of causality (idaṃpratyayatā) as ‘this existing, that exists; this arising, that arises; this not existing, that does not exist; this ceasing, that ceases’. (Majjhima Nikāya iii. 63; Samyutta Nikāya v. 387; etc.) ...the succinct formula state[s] baldly that the secret of the universe lies in the nature of causality—the way one thing leads to another.[10]
  7. ^ Endnote: Visuddhimagga xvii. 105–7; Vibhaṅga-aṭṭhakathā 147–8. For the Sarvāstivādin understanding of types of condition, see Abhidhar-makośa ii. 60–73.
  8. ^ Gethin also explains: "I said above that the formula of dependent arising is intended to reveal the actual pattern and structure of causality. Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms similar to, say, Newtonian mechanics, where billiard balls rebound off each other in an entirely predictable manner once the relevant information is gathered."[11]
  9. ^ See also the section #Karma in this article.
  10. ^ The doctrine of dependent origination is closely related to the Four Noble Truths, in particular, the Second Noble Truth:
    • Peter D. Santina states: "On the basis of the Buddha’s own statements, we can see a very close relationship between the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination. What is it that the Four Noble Truths and dependent origination have in common? The principle that both have in common is the principle of causality - the law of cause and effect, of action and consequence."[web 3]
    • Christina Feldman states: "In the Buddha’s teachings, the second noble truth is not a theory about what happens to somebody else, but is a process which is going on over and over again in our own lives—through all our days, and countless times every single day. This process in Pali is called pañicca-samuppàda, sometimes translated as "dependent origination" or "co-dependent origination" or "causal interdependence.""[web 2]
    • Bhikkhu Thanissaro relates pañicca-samuppàda to the second and third noble truths; he states: "...dependent co-arising works as an explanation both for the arising of dukkha—stress or suffering—and for the fact that dukkha can be ended through a path of practice."[12]
    • Rupert Gethin explains: "Dependent arising is to be understood as in certain respects an elaboration of the truth of the origin of suffering..."[13]
  11. ^ Bhikkhu Thanissaro emphasizes that causality is not a linear process.[web 4]
  12. ^ Dependent origination applies to the concept of no-self:
    • Joseph Goldstein states: "Everything arises from conditions, and in seeing this contingent arising, we see the emptiness of self in the process."[15]
    • Thanissaro Bhikkhu states: "...taking up the teaching of not-self, shows how dependent co-arising gives focus to this teaching in practice."[web 5]
  13. ^ In the Mahayana tradition, the principle of pratītyasamutpāda is said to compliment the concept of emptiness (sunyata):
    • The Dalai Lama states: "...the meaning of pratityasamutpada is that which arises in dependence upon conditions, in reliance upon conditions, through the force of conditions. On a subtle level, it is explained as the main reason why phenomena are empty of inherent existence."[1]
    • Sogyal Rinpoche states: "...all things, when seen and understood in their true relation, are not independent but interdependent with all other things... Think of a tree. When you think of a tree, you tend to think of a distinctly defined object; and on a certain level...it is. But when you look more closely at the tree, you will see that ultimately it has no independent existence... As you begin to think about the tree more and more, you will discover that everything in the universe helps to make the tree what it is; that it cannot at any moment be isolated from anything else; and that at every moment its nature is subtly changing. This is what we mean when we say things are empty, that they have no independent existence."[4]
    • Nan Huai-Chin states: "Buddhist ontology points out that all relative phenomena arise and disappear through processes of cause and effect: this is called "interdependent origination" (Sanskrit: pratityasamutpada; in Chinese yuan ch'i). Accordingly, all such phenomena are dependent on the (temporary) linking of causal factors that bring them into existence and maintain them, and thus they have no stable, absolute identities independent of the web of causation. Lacking absolute independent entities they are said to be inherently empty".[7]
    • Jay Garfield states: "That all phenomena are dependently originated is the heart of the Buddhist ontological theory."[16]
  14. dukkha.[web 6][web 3][web 2][12]
  15. ^ The twelve nidandas are the most significant application in the Theravada tradition:
    • Rupert Gethin states: "But the most important statement of the Buddhist understanding of how causality operates is in terms of the twelve links (nidāna) of the chain of ‘dependent arising’ (pratītya-samutpāda/paṭicca-samuppāda)."[10]
  16. ^ Schilbrack states: "Is the doctrine of interdependent origination a metaphysical teaching? The answer depends on one's definition of metaphysics. In this paper, metaphysics describes the character that anything has insofar as it is anything at all. Interdependent origination seems to fit this description."[24]
  17. ^ Hoffman states: "Suffice it to emphasize that the doctrine of dependent origination is not a metaphysical doctrine, in the sense that it does not affirm or deny some super-sensible entities or realities; rather, it is a proposition arrived at through an examination and analysis of the world of phenomena ..."[25]
  18. ^ Noa Ronkin states: "Nevertheless, while it is true that the Buddha suspends all views regarding certain metaphysical questions, he is not an antimetaphysician: nothing in the texts suggests that metaphysical questions are completely meaningless, or that the Buddha denies the soundness of metaphysics per se [...] A framework of thought that hinges on the idea that sentient experience is dependently originated and that whatever is dependently originated is conditioned (sankhata), impermanent, subject to change, and lacking independent selfhood"[26]
  19. ^ A small part of metaphysics deals with the apparent contradiction, or paradox, between free will, and the position that worldly phenomena are solely a consequence of natural causal factors. Determinists argue that everything is completely deterministic, based on natural causal laws that can never be changed; Libertarians argue that everything is totally up to one's free will, and compatibilists posit a compatibility of these two positions.

References

  1. ^ a b c Dalai Lama 1992, p. 35.
  2. ^ Lopez 2001, p. 29.
  3. ^ a b c Harvey 1990, p. 54.
  4. ^ a b Sogyal Rinpoche 2009, Kindle Locations 849-863.
  5. ^ Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse 2011, p. 15-16.
  6. ^ Bowker 1997.
  7. ^ a b Nan Huai-Chin 1994.
  8. ^ a b c Thich Nhat Hanh 1999, p. 221-222.
  9. ^ Goldstein 2011, p. 53.
  10. ^ a b c d Gethin 1998, p. 141.
  11. ^ a b Gethin 1998, p. 153.
  12. ^ a b c Bhikkhu Thanissaro 2008.
  13. ^ Gethin 1998, p. 74.
  14. ^ a b Sogyal Rinpoche 2009, p. 96-97.
  15. ^ Goldstein 2002, p. 155.
  16. ^ Edelglass 2009, p. 26.
  17. ^ a b Geshe Sonam Rinchen 2006, p. 21.
  18. ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2005, p. 316.
  19. ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2005, p. 314.
  20. ^ Mabja Tsondru 2011, p. 67-71, 447-477.
  21. ^ Williams 2000, p. 142.
  22. ^ a b Garfield 1994.
  23. ^ Bhikkhu Thanissaro 2010, p. 29.
  24. ^ Schilbrack 2002.
  25. ^ Hoffman 1996, p. 177.
  26. ^ Ronkin 2009.
  27. ^ Bhikkhu Thanissaro 2010, p. 45.
  28. ^ a b Dhammananda Maha Thera 2010.
  29. ^ Walpola Rahula 2007, Kindel Locations 791-809.

Web references

  1. ^ Nalanda Translation Committee, Dependent Arising/Tendrel
  2. ^ a b c d e f Feldman, Christina. "Dependent Origination," http://www.dharma.org/ij/archives/1999a/christina.htm. Accessed 25 February 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d Peter D. Santina, Buddha Dharma Education Association. "Dependent Origination," http://www.buddhanet.net/funbud12.htm. Accessed 25 February 2011.
  4. ^ Bhikkhu Thanissaro, Samsara Divided by Zero, Access To Insight, accessdate=July 26, 2010
  5. ^ Bhikkhu Thanissaro, Maha-nidana Sutta: The Great Causes Discourse, Access To Insight
  6. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Buddhism (religion)," http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/474042/paticca-samuppada. Accessed 25 February 2011.

Sources

Further reading

  • Bhikkhu Thanissaro (2008), The Shape of Suffering: A study of Dependent Co-arising, Metta Forest Monastery [2]
  • Dalai Lama (1992). The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom.
  • Geshe Sonam Rinchen
    (2006). How Karma Works: The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising. Snow Lion
  • Gethin, Rupert (1998). Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Chapter 6, pp. 133-162)
  • Khandro Rinpoche (2003). This Precious Life. Shambala
  • Thich Nhat Hanh
    (1999). The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching. Three Rivers Press. (pp. 221-249)
  • Thrangu Rinpoche (2001). The Twelve Links of Interdependent Origination. Nama Buddha Publications.
  • Walpola Rahula
    (1974). What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press.

External links

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