User:GinnyMae/sandbox
Vocal Cord Dysfunction article - Things to be worked on by the group as a whole
- Add lots more citations! Many are missing
- Under "Presentation" section: "Symptoms" and "Causes" should be two separate sections - change "Presentation" to "Signs & Symptoms" (Kat) and add "Causes" section (me)
- Add a "Prognosis" section (Inna)
- "Diagnosis/Differential Diagnosis" (Kat)
- Add an "Epidemiology" section (me and Christina)
- Edit/develop "Treatment" section (Christina)
- Add an "Other factors" section (Inna)
- Add (minimum of two?) images
Vocal Cord Dysfunction article - Sections to be worked on by me specifically
- Add and develop "Epidemiology" section (together w/ Christina)
- Add and develop "Causes" section
Causes
The exact cause of VCD is not known, and it is unlikely that a single underlying cause exists.[1][2] Several contributing factors have been identified, which vary widely among VCD patients with different medical histories.[3] Physical exercise (including, but not limited to, competitive athletics) is one of the major triggers for VCD episodes, leading to its frequent misdiagnosis as exercise-induced asthma.[1][2][3] Other triggers include airborne pollutants and irritants such as smoke, dust, gases, soldering fumes, cleaning chemicals such as ammonia, perfumes, and other odours.[4][2] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and rhinosinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity) may also play a role in inflaming the airway and leading to symptoms of VCD as discussed below.[4][2]
Laryngeal hyperresponsiveness is considered the most likely physiologic cause of VCD, brought on by a range of different triggers that cause inflammation and/or irritation of the larynx (voice box).[3][1] The glottic closure reflex (or laryngeal adductor reflex) serves to protect the airway, and it is possible that this reflex becomes hyperactive in some individuals, resulting in the paradoxical vocal fold closure seen in VCD.[3][4] Two major causes of laryngeal inflammation and hyperresponsiveness are gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and postnasal drip (associated with rhinosinusitis, allergic or nonallergic rhinitis, or a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI)).[3][4][2][1] Rhinosinusitis is very common among patients with VCD and for many patients, VCD symptoms are ameliorated when the rhinosinusitis is treated.[2] GERD is also common among VCD patients, but only some experience an improvement in VCD symptoms when GERD is treated.[2][1] Other causes of laryngeal hyperresponsiveness include inhalation of toxins and irritants, cold and dry air, episodic croup and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).[1]
VCD has long been strongly associated with a variety of psychological or psychogenic factors, including
VCD has also been associated with certain
Epidemiology
(Note: this section was collaborated on by both me and Chrissietheslp.) The section looks good Ginny. I've got nothing to add. I'm putting in this note to let Professor Li know that you did the final edits on this section! Chrissietheslp (talk)
.
There is currently a limited amount of information available on the incidence and prevalence of VCD, and the various rates reported in the literature are most likely an underestimate.[5][6][4] Although VCD is thought to be rare overall, its prevalence among the population at large is not known.[1]
However, numerous studies have been conducted on its incidence and prevalence among patients presenting with
Data on the prevalence of VCD is also limited. An overall prevalence of 2.5% has been reported in patients presenting with asthma.[7] Among adults with asthma considered “difficult to control”, 10% were found to have VCD while 30% were found to have both VCD and asthma.[1] Among children with severe asthma, a VCD prevalence rate of 14% has been reported.[1] However, higher rates have also been reported; among one group of schoolchildren thought to suffer from exercise-induced asthma, it was found that 26.9% actually had VCD and not asthma.[4] Among intercollegiate athletes with exercise-induced asthma, the VCD rate has been estimated at 3%.[4]
In patients presenting with symptoms of dyspnea, prevalence rates ranging from 2.8% to 22% have been reported in various studies.[4][1][7] It has been reported that two to three times more females than males suffer from VCD.[5][1][4] VCD is especially common in females who suffer from psychological problems.[4] There is an increased risk associated with being young and female.[4] Among patients suffering from VCD, 71% are over the age of 18.[1] In addition, 73% of those with VCD have a previous psychiatric diagnosis.[1] VCD has also been reported in newborns with gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD.)[4]
Questions
Putting in the DOI for reference 5 (Katial & Hoyte) resulted in reference 6 - this has less info though, so I assume it is better to use reference 5?
Bibliography
Deckert J; Deckert L (2010-01-01). "Vocal cord dysfunction.". American family physician. 81 (2): 156–9. ISSN 0002-838X
Gimenez, Leslie M.; Zafra, Heidi. "Vocal cord dysfunction: an update". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 106 (4): 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2010.09.004
Hoyte, F. C. L. (February 1, 2013). Vocal Cord Dysfunction. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 33, 1, 1-22.
Ibrahim, W. H., Gheriani, H. A., Almohamed, A. A., & Raza, T. (2007). Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 83(977), 164–172.http://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522.
Katial, R. K., & Hoyte, F. C. L. (2014). Diseases in DDx of Asthma: Vocal Cord Dysfunction. In I. M. Mackay & N. R. Rose (Eds.), Encyclopedia of medical immunology: Volume 3. (245-251). Berlin: Springer.
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References
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Deckert J; Deckert L (2010-01-01). "Vocal cord dysfunction.". American family physician. 81 (2): 156–9. ISSN 0002-838X
- ^ .
- ^ ISSN 1469-0756.
- ^ a b c d e Katial, R. K.; Hoyte, F. C. L. (2014). Mackay, I. M.; Rose, N. R. (eds.). Diseases in DDx of Asthma: Vocal Cord Dysfunction. Berlin: Springer. pp. 245–251.
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ignored (help) - .
- ^ a b Denipah, N.; Dominguez, C.M.; Kraai, E.P.; Kraai, T.L.; Leos, P.; Braude, D. (January 1, 2016). "Acute Management of Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion (Vocal Cord Dysfunction)". Annals of Emergency Medicine.