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Contributions to figure skating

Extended content

Hanyu is regarded by analysts as an accomplished skater known for his high-level technical elements as well as mature and versatile artistry.[1][2][3] His performance is often characterized as "the perfect combination of skills, strength and elegance",[4][5][6] tending to "[blur] rigid gender lines".[7] According to four-time Olympic medalist Evgeni Plushenko, Hanyu had a "decided edge over other skaters in the completeness of his performance—spins, skating skills, transitions between jumps and musical interpretation".[7] Two-time world champion Stephane Lambiel described him as "the most complete athlete in figure skating, probably ever."[7]

Skating philosophy and conflicts

Hanyu is regarded as part of the vanguard of the "quad revolution" in men’s figure skating.[8] He was the first skater to land a quadruple loop, a quad toe loop-triple Axel sequence as well as a quad toe loop-Euler-triple flip combination.[9] He was also the first to land three quad jumps in the second half of the free skate and among the pioneers to approach the quadruple Axel.[10][11] According to him, a clean and seamless execution of the jumps is essential for a good figure skating performance.[12][13] However, he repeatedly stressed the importance of well-rounded programs, including advanced transitions and intricate footwork as well as the precise interpretation of the music.[14][15] Regarding the ongoing debate about the relation between technique and artistry in figure skating,[16] he noted: "That so-called balance between [technical] difficulty and artistry, to me that doesn't actually exist. Artistry is founded upon absolute technical prowess, that's what I think."[17]: 5  Towards the end of his competitive career, Hanyu’s and the ISU’s philosophy of skating have continuously diverged. This included the abolition of mandatory steps before the solo jump in the short program in 2018,[18] the proposal to replace the short and free skate program by a "technical" and "artistic" program in 2020,[19] and the removal of transitions and interpretation as separate program components in 2022.[20] While feeling of having evolved in various aspects of his skating compared to his record-breaking performances in 2015, his scores had become lower, making him wonder if he was "no longer needed".[21][22] At his transition from competitive to professional skating, he remarked that he "stopped wanting to be evaluated", and stressed his intention to keep pursuing his "ideal skating".[23][24] Have found the source for Hanyu saying the current judging that emphasizes jumps is not his ideal FS here, but it's paid article. I'm trying to find a way to bypass it. - Yolo4A4Lo (talk) 12:17, 17 September 2022 (UTC). Translation:

「例えば (プログラムの)『バ ラード第1番』 だったり 『SEIMEI』 だったり、あの (平昌五輪までの) シーズンでPCS (表現面などを評価 する演技構成点) の限界値に達する ことができた。 それって僕にとって は努力が報われた瞬間だったし、僕 自身が目指しているジャンプと、ト ランジション(技のつなぎ)とスピ ンと、という全ての融合みたいなも のが、なんかピタッてきた瞬間でも あったんですよ。 それが評価しても らえたのがすごくうれしかったんで すよ。そこからさらにもっともっと こうやろう、ああやろうとやってい るにもかかわらず、PCSというもの の限界がやはりあるので......。 そこ の葛藤が強くありました」

"For example, in my programs Ballade No. 1 and Seimei, that season, I was able to reach the upper limit of PCS (until the Pyeongchang Olympics. That was the moment I felt that my efforts had been rewarded; when the fusion of jumps, transitions, spins that I had been aiming for came together. The fact I had that acknowledged made me really happy. Beyond that point, I continued to do more and more, tried this and that, but after all, there was still a limit on PCS. I felt that conflict very strongly."

「自分が（もっともっとと）やっているんだけれども、結果的に（得点の）限界値を超えることはできないので。なんで点数伸びないのかなあ、みたいなことは感じてはいた。あとは年々、（自身の演技の）難易度がどんどん上がっていく中で、確かに単発で（ジャンプを）跳べば何とかなるというのはもちろんあるんですけど、それをやっていくのが楽しいかと言われたら、僕の中ではそれがフィギュアスケートとしての醍醐味（だいごみ）ではないなと。また、それも葛藤の一つだった。それをやったら点数は出る、でもそれをやってしまうと僕じゃないみたいな葛藤は常にありました」

"I tried to do more and more, but in the end, I could not surpass that scoring limit. I wondered ‘why aren’t my scores increasing?’ And then, year by year, while the difficulty of my own programs was increasing rapidly, it’s true that if you treat the jumps as a one-shot thing, I could indeed manage that somehow, but if you asked me whether doing that was fun, I personally do not think that’s the charm of figure skating. That was also a point of conflict for me. If I did that, I could get the scores, but if I did that, then that would not be me - it was that kind of conflict that I felt constantly."

Skating philosophy (Mainichi fan-translation)

    • FTV original Japanese transcript: "難しいジャンプをやるのは凄く楽しいんですよ。挑戦することに凄く燃えてて。それは昔から変わらないんですけど。なんか、難しいジャンプ跳べた、やったー、で終わっちゃうフィギュアスケートが今、やりたいとは思わないんですよね。なんか、そうじゃない、っていう。自分が望むフィギュアスケートっていうのは、なんか、頑張ってルールに対抗しよう、って思ってたけど、なんか、自分の中で違う位置づけのスポーツになってきちゃっているんで。それを何とか、自分の中に取り戻したい、っていうのがあって。それは世界がどうとか、ルールがどうとか関係なく、自分自身がやりたいスポーツとして。"
    • FTV English translation: "It's great fun to do difficult jumps. It's exciting to face the challenge. That hasn't changed since the old days. However, I don't think I want to do [the kind of] figure skating now where you land a difficult jump and say, 'I did it, yay!', and that's it. I mean, it's not [supposed to be] like that. The kind of figure skating I want to do is ... I tried my best to compete within the rules, but in my mind, it has turned into a different type of sport. I wanted to somehow get that back in my mind. It doesn't matter what the world says or what the rules are, [I want to remind myself of figure skating] as a sport that I want to do."
  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference JF220226 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference IE191030 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference JT170411 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  7. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference NYT180104 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference NBC220131 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Russell 2022, p. 25.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference GS210428 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference WP220211 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference SN201226 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Russell 2022, p. 29.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference SN211224 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference GS151223 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference ISU220630 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference YN220902 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference NA220721 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Axel jump of Yuzuru Hanyu

Extended content
Hanyu performing a triple Axel at the exhibition gala of the 2018 Winter Olympics
Yuzuru Hanyu jumping a triple Axel in "Notte Stellata" at the 2018 Winter Olympics

Notable is the Axel jump of Japanese single skater and two-time Olympic champion, Yuzuru Hanyu. His triple Axel was awarded a maximum score ten times, the most among skaters since the introduction of the ISU Judging System in 2004. As of January 2023, the only other skaters to earn a perfect score for that element were Javier Fernández from Spain, Yan Han from China, and Hanyu's compatriot Shoma Uno (one each).[1]

Hanyu's Axel jump is known for its clean edge take-off with minimal pre-rotation,[2][3] strong vaulting technique,[4] and a variety of difficult entries, including his signature backward counter turn.[5] At the 2019 World Championships, his triple Axel was the largest measured jump in the men's short program, with a trajectory of 70 cm height and 3.62 m distance.[6] According to analysts, a key to Hanyu's success is his ideal take-off angle of 22 to 23 degrees, which was also measured at American Mike Powell's record-breaking long jump of 8.95 m in 1991.[7] In 2018, Hanyu's triple Axel from the 2018 Winter Olympics was used as a demonstration example by the International Skating Union for the judging criteria "very good height and very good length" as well as "steps before the jump, unexpected or creative entry".[8] At the 2021 World Championships, 1998 Olympic champion and NBC commentator, Tara Lipinski, praised Hanyu's Axel performed in the men's short program: "This triple Axel was so stunning. Look at that deep knee bend, control over the edge. Difficult entry, exit—he's got it all."[5]

Besides the quality, Hanyu's triple Axel strikes out for its consistency. He landed 51 triple Axels with a positive

solo ice show Prologue, Hanyu was able to circumvent the strict repetition rules of figure skating competitions, and perform three triple Axels in one program, two of them being executed in combination in the second half.[12]

Apart from the triple Axel, Hanyu is one of the few current skaters who regularly performs a delayed single Axel in his programs. The jump was notably featured in his Olympic exhibition programs "Notte Stellata (The Swan)" and "Haru yo, koi [ja]" among others.[13][14] At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Australian commentator and former competitive figure skater, Belinda Noonan, remarked: "With one delayed single Axel, one triple Axel, Yuzuru Hanyu, double gold medalist, just gave a masterclass of what figure skating actually is."[13] At the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki, Hanyu became the first skater to land a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel jump sequence in international competition, with the triple Axel being executed as the second jump within an element for the first time.[15] At the 2022 Winter Olympics, his attempt of a quadruple Axel had been the closest in competition until Ilia Malinin's successful execution at the 2022 U.S. Classic. Malinin named Hanyu's pursuit of the quad Axel as inspiration to land the jump.[16][17]

References

  1. ^ "Triple Axel element query – Senior men by most awarded +3/+5 marks". Skating Scores. United States. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023.
  2. ^ Nakai, Masahiro (7 May 2018). 中居正広のスポーツ！『平成のスポーツ名場面ベスト50大発表』 [Masahiro Nakai's Sports "The 50 best sports moments of the Heisei Era"] (Television production) (in Japanese). Minato, Tokyo: TV Asahi. 10-53433-1160981 (Kakaku.com). Archived from the original on 16 September 2022.
  3. ^ 羽生結弦氏が言う「下で回る」とはどういうことかをしばし考えた結果、そこで言葉を区切ったら不十分かもしれないと思い至った件 [After some thorough thought about Yuzuru Hanyu's wording "go underneath", I came to the conclusion that it might not be enough to separate the words there]. Livedoor News (in Japanese). Shinjuku, Tokyo: Line Corporation. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021.
  4. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived
    from the original on 2 May 2017.
  5. ^ a b Gallagher, Jack (31 March 2021). "No Reason to Worry About Yuzuru Hanyu's Result at World Championships". Japan Forward. Chiyoda, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021.
  6. ^ フィギュア、ジャンプ測定に新技術採点で導入は可能か？ [Figure skating: Can new technology for jump measurement be implemented for scoring?]. News Post 7 (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Shogakukan. 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022.
  7. ^ 中根圭一 (6 February 2022). ４回転半、５０センチ遠くへ…［超人の科学］北京オリンピック・フィギュア [Four and a half revolutions, 50 centimeters away ... [Superhuman Science] Beijing Olympic figure skating]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 12 February 2022 suggested (help)
  8. ^ Grades of Execution +5 to -5 Single Skating. International Skating Union. Lausanne. 7 July 2018. Event occurs at 6:08 and 7:18. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022 – via YouTube.
  9. Bunkyo, Tokyo: Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing Inc. 3 April 2021. Archived
    from the original on 15 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Skating Scores – Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)". Skating Scores. United States. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022.
  11. ^ "Technical Panel Handbook – Single Skating 2020/21". International Skating Union. Lausanne. 27 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.
  12. ^ Matsubara, Takaomi (January 12, 2023). "Going Pro: Hanyū Yuzuru Reinvents What It Means to Be a Figure Skater". Nippon Communications Foundation. Minato, Tokyo. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Yuzuru Hanyu's Notte Stellata Figure Skating Gala Tribute. International Olympic Committee. Lausanne. 30 April 2018. Event occurs at 4:24. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022 – via YouTube.
  14. ^ Gallagher, Jack (20 February 2022). "An Olympic Exhibition for Yuzuru Hanyu With Love From Beijing". Japan Forward. Chiyoda, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022.
  15. ^ Russell 2022, p. 25.
  16. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on September 15, 2022.
  17. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived
    from the original on 12 April 2022.

Original key event sections

Full chronological summaries stored for revamp of Hanyu's main biography article

2013–14 key event section
refer to caption
Hanyu with Patrick Chan (center) and Daisuke Takahashi (left) at the 2012 World Championships podium, having won his first world medal

In the

quadruple jump, a quad toe loop.[3] In the same season, at the 2011 Four Continents Championships, he won his first medal at a main international senior competition, where he placed second behind Takahashi.[4]

When the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused severe damage to his hometown of Sendai and the local ice rink, Hanyu was forced to move his training base for the rest of the season. He participated in numerous ice shows to get additional practice time and raise money for the areas affected by the disaster.[5] He launched the following season at the 2011 Nebelhorn Trophy, where he won his first gold medal at an international senior competition. During the event, he shared his career goals with the media:[6]

My goals for the future are to land all quad jumps in competition. I would also like to learn the quad Axel. Another goal is to win the next two Olympics, or at least win medals.

At the 2012 World Championships, Hanyu became the youngest Japanese World medalist, finishing third behind then two-time world champion Patrick Chan and Daisuke Takahashi. After the competition, both skaters acknowledged Hanyu as a potential strong rival in the future.[7] Upon the conclusion of the 2011–12 season, Hanyu changed coaches from Nanami Abe, with whom he had trained since 2004, and moved to Canada to train with Brian Orser at the Toronto Cricket Club. Hanyu's main motivation for the change were the consistent quadruple jumps by Orser's student Javier Fernández.[8][9] The move resulted in immediate success; at the 2012 Finlandia Trophy, Hanyu landed his first quad Salchow in international competition.[3][10] During the 2012–13 Grand Prix series, he set his first two world records in the short program.[11]: 1  At the Grand Prix Final, which served as a test event for the 2014 Winter Olympics, Hanyu finished second behind Takahashi and beat Chan for the first time in competition.[12] Two weeks later, at the Japan Championships, he won his first national senior title, defeating the reigning and five-time national champion, Daisuke Takahashi.[13] After the 2013 Four Continents Championships, where he had finished second, Hanyu suffered a knee injury and resumed training two weeks prior to the World Championships. An additional ankle sprain in practice forced him to compete using painkillers. Placing ninth after the short program, he fought back to fourth place overall, which earned the Japanese national team the third spot at the 2014 Winter Olympics.[3]: 3 [11]

2017–18 key event section

For Hanyu, the

2014 Finlandia Trophy.[14][15] In his first Grand Prix event at the Cup of China, he collided with Chinese skater Yan Han during the free skate warm-up, suffering bruises on his head and chin along with injuring his midriff, left thigh, and right leg. Despite his severe condition, he competed in the free skate and finished second overall.[16] In his second Grand Prix assignment at the 2014 NHK Trophy, Hanyu came in fourth, securing his place at the Grand Prix Final,[17] where he successfully defended his title with the highest total score of the season. Upon the conclusion of the Japan Championships, where he had won his third national title in a row, Hanyu was diagnosed with a tubal residual disease and had to undergo surgery on his bladder, being hospitalized for two weeks and resting for another month.[3][18] His series of injuries continued with a sprain of his right ankle that forced him to stay in Japan until the 2015 World Championships, where he finished second behind his training mate Javier Fernández.[15]

During the 2014–15 season, Hanyu was struggling with his short program layout, which featured a quadruple toe loop and a triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program. The issue continued in the following season, where he placed sixth in the short program at the 2015 Skate Canada with two invalid jumping passes. While his coach Brian Orser suggested a more "conservative" change, Hanyu decided to add another quad, stating: "I thought by the time of the Pyeongchang Olympics, you cannot win without a short program that includes two quads with difficult entries and exits—plus excellent footwork, spins, and presentation. As the reigning Olympic champion, I want to be absolutely dominant."[19] The offensive strategy earned him a series of back-to-back world records in all three competition segments at the 2015 NHK Trophy and the Grand Prix Final. His short program and combined total score from the Final remained the world records until the Olympic season.[20] He also became the first skater to score above 200 points in the free skate and 300 points in total.[21] At the Japan Championships, Hanyu won his fourth and last national title before the Olympics.[1] The lingering pain in his left foot worsened throughout the season, threatening his participation at the 2016 World Championships,[22][23] where he finished second again behind Fernández.[24] It was subsequently announced that he had been diagnosed with a Lisfranc injury in his left foot, forcing him off ice for two months.[22][23]

In the

Grand Prix Finals in a row.[27] At the Four Continents Championships in Pyeongchang, the test event for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Hanyu had to take the silver for the third time, finishing second behind American Nathan Chen. At the 2017 World Championships, he won his second world title with a new world record in the free skate, which remained the standing record until the Olympic season.[3][20] In July 2022, Hanyu named this free skate performance of his program Hope and Legacy as the one that he thought would represent him best and was the most perfectly executed of his competitive career.[28]: 1   By the end of the 2016–17 season, four other skaters had also passed 300 points in the combined total score: Javier Fernández, Nathan Chen, Jin Boyang, and Hanyu's compatriot Shoma Uno.[29]

2021–22 key event section

At the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki, he set world records in all three competition segments under the new judging system[note 1] and became the first skater to land a quad toe loop-triple Axel sequence in competition.[3][31] With his victory at the Rostelecom Cup, he managed to win both Grand Prix assignments for the first time. However, after a heavy fall on a quad loop attempt in practice, he injured the same ankle that had forced him off competition before the 2018 Winter Olympics in practice.[27][32] Despite the risk, Hanyu decided to compete at the 2019 World Championships with painkillers.[33] He managed to set new world records in the free skate and the combined total but finished second behind Nathan Chen.[34]

Hanyu started off the following season strongly, winning both Grand Prix events with margins of more than 55 points and clearing the 300 mark twice in the combined total.[35][36] At the 2019–20 Grand Prix Final, he attempted multiple quad Axels in practice but did not succeed.[37] In the free skate, he landed five quadruple jumps for the first time in his career, among them the quad loop and quad Lutz that had caused him two career-threatening injuries in the past two seasons, yet he lost the competition to Chen.[3][27] The defeat at the Final was followed by another second-place finish at the Japan Championships behind Shoma Uno. Plagued by doubts, Hanyu confessed that there was a moment where he had felt tired of competing yet was unwilling to disappoint the people who had supported him.[38] In the next competition, he took a fresh approach by returning to his programs from the 2018 Winter Olympics and won his first gold medal at the Four Continents Championships with a new world record score in the short program, which remained the standing record until the 2021–22 season.[39] With that title, Hanyu became the first male single skater in history to complete the Super Slam.[27]

In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Hanyu returned to his hometown of Sendai. He was coached remotely, trained alone at his home rink with focus on the quadruple Axel, and created large parts of his programs' choreography himself. Due to concerns about the risk of the coronavirus, he withdrew from the 2020–21 Grand Prix series.[38] In order to qualify for the World Championships, he competed at the 2020–21 Japan Championships, where he performed a clean free skate with positive grades of execution for all technical elements, winning his fifth national title and scoring a new unofficial national record of 215.83 points in the free skate.[40] At the World Championships, Hanyu took the lead after the short program, but struggled in the free skate and finished third overall behind Chen and countryman Yuma Kagiyama, resulting in his lowest competition placement since the 2014 NHK Trophy.[1][41] With the bronze medal, Hanyu helped to secure three Olympic berths for Japanese men and became the second male single skater after German Jan Hoffmann to win seven world medals since World War II.[42][40] He concluded the season with a second-place finish behind Chen in the men's event at the 2021 World Team Trophy.[40] During the practice session of the exhibition gala, he attempted multiple quadruple Axels for the first time since 2019 but was unable to land the jump.[37]

At the 2021 Dreams on Ice show, Hanyu explained that he did not feel the same drive to win the 2022 Beijing Olympics compared to the 2018 Winter Games.[43] In an interview at the 2021 World Championships, he stated his goal for the 2021–22 season: "I am aiming for the quadruple Axel, but if the Olympics happen to be on the way to land the quad Axel, I will think about it. However, my primary goal is not to win the gold medal at the Olympics, but to succeed in four and a half revolutions."[44]: 1 

Citations
  1. ^ a b c "Competition Results – Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)". International Skating Union. Lausanne. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022.
  2. ^ "Japan Figure Skating Championships 2009 – Men result". Japan Skating Federation. December 25, 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Todoroki, Aimi (October 7, 2021). 羽生結弦 – フィギュアスケート史に燦然と輝く栄光の軌跡 [Yuzuru Hanyu – The track of glory shining brightly in the history of figure skating]. Non-no (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2011 – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. February 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021.
  5. ^ Kany, Klaus-Reinhold (November 8, 2011). "Yuzuru Hanyu Rises From the Ashes". International Figure Skating. Denville Township, New Jersey. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012.
  6. ^ Russell 2022, p. 26.
  7. ^ "Rising star Hanyu inspires Takahashi to silver". Bangkok Post. Bangkok. AFP. April 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021.
  8. ^ Hanyu, Yuzuru (March 29, 2018). What Makes Yuzuru Hanyu Great? Coach Brian Orser's Exclusive Insights. Olympic Channel (Motion picture). Lausanne. Event occurs at 58s. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. The main reason I chose Canada was because I wanted to train with coach Brian Orser. The reason for that is I saw how Javier Fernández was able to consistently deliver the quadruple jump after he started training with Brian Orser, and I went to learn the secret of doing that.
  9. ^ Russell 2022, p. 27.
  10. ^ Rutherford, Lynn (October 19, 2012). "Orser amazed by pupil Hanyu's skill, politeness – World bronze medalist makes early impression on new coach, shows great promise". web.icenetwork.com. Colorado Springs, Colorado: U.S. Figure Skating. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014.
  11. ^ a b Oriyama, Toshimi (June 28, 2021). "羽生結弦の2013年世界選手権。なぜ満身創痍でも攻めることができたのか" [Yuzuru Hanyu's 2013 World Championships. How was it possible to attack even with full-blown wounds?]. Sportiva (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Shueisha. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021.
  12. ^ "ISU Grand Prix Final 2012–13 – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. December 8, 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2021.
  13. ^ "Japan Figure Skating Championships 2012 – Men result". Japan Skating Federation. December 23, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 26, 2021 suggested (help)
  14. ^ "Yuzuru Hanyu skips Finlandia Trophy". ESPN Inc. Bristol, Connecticut. AP. September 23, 2014. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Wei, Xiong (June 20, 2015). "Hanyu: 'Failure is the stepping stone for success'". goldenskate.com. Cary, North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021.
  16. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original
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  17. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived
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  18. San Diego, California. Archived from the original on March 21, 2018. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; April 21, 2018 suggested (help
    )
  19. ^ Wei, Xiong (December 23, 2015). "Hanyu wants performances that stay in hearts". goldenskate.com. Cary, North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021.
  20. ^ a b International Skating Union: Lausanne (March 24, 2018). Progression of men's highest historical scores statistics:
  21. ^ "Perfect Hanyu scores record 322.40 points to win NHK Trophy title". Japan Today. Chiyoda, Tokyo. AFP. November 28, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015.
  22. ^
    ISSN 0447-5763. Archived
    from the original on July 7, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Utsunomiya 2016, ch. 4.
  24. ^ "ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2016 – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. April 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016.
  25. ^ "ISU World Team Trophy 2017 – Men free skating, judges details per skater" (PDF). International Skating Union. Lausanne. April 21, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 15, 2021.
  26. ^ "Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) performs first clean quad loop in competition". International Skating Union. Lausanne. October 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016.
  27. ^ a b c d "The day Yuzuru Hanyu announced himself to the world". International Olympic Committee. Lausanne. February 14, 2020. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021.
  28. Fuji TV. 8-91636-1579520 (Kakaku.com). Archived
    from the original on September 12, 2022.
  29. ^ "Men's Historical Absolute Best Scores". International Skating Union. Lausanne. March 24, 2018. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018.
  30. ^ "The new range of Grade of Execution". International Skating Union. Lausanne. September 26, 2018. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021.
  31. ^ "Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) hits quad toe-triple Axel en route to gold in Helsinki". International Skating Union. Lausanne. November 4, 2018. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019.
  32. ^ Russell, Susan D. (November 18, 2018). "Hanyu wins Rostelecom Cup despite injury". International Figure Skating. Denville Township, New Jersey. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021.
  33. ^ "Figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu to need 2-3 months of treatment for ankle injury". Kyodo News. Minato, Tokyo. March 29, 2019. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; November 8, 2020 suggested (help)
  34. ^ "Figure skating: Nathan Chen repeats worlds title, Yuzuru Hanyu takes 2nd". Kyodo News. Minato, Tokyo. March 24, 2019. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021.
  35. ^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2019 Skate Canada International – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. October 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020.
  36. ^ "ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2019 NHK Trophy – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. November 23, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Sawada, Satoko (September 22, 2021). 羽生結弦が3度目の五輪シーズンへ…目指すは「誰も跳んだことがない大技」 [Yuzuru Hanyu heading towards his third Olympic season... The aim is "a great jump that no one has ever landed"]. Aera (in Japanese). Kita-ku, Osaka: Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on October 3, 2021.
  38. ^ a b Russell, Susan D. (May 2, 2021). "Hanyu takes fresh approach". International Figure Skating. Denville Township, New Jersey. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021.
  39. ^ International Skating Union: Lausanne (April 16, 2022). Progression of men's highest scores statistics:
  40. ^ a b c Yoshida 2021, ch. 1.
  41. ^ "ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2021 – Men result". International Skating Union. Lausanne. 27 March 2021. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021.
  42. ^ Hersh, Philip (January 31, 2022). "In pushing each other, Hanyu and Chen have redefined the meaning of figure skating greatness". NBC Sports. Stamford, Connecticut. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022.
  43. Koto-ku, Tokyo. July 10, 2021. Archived
    from the original on July 17, 2021.
  44. ^ 羽生結弦の最終目標「五輪金メダルではなく4回転半成功」北京は「道の上にあれば」 [Yuzuru Hanyu's final goal is a "success at four and a half revolutions instead of olympic gold medal" Beijing "if it's on the road"]. Sports Nippon (in Japanese). Chiyoda, Tokyo. March 28, 2021. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021.

Other drafts

Tables of figure skating jumps and figure skating steps and turns

Extended content

Figure skating jumps

  • Anomalies in the take-off and landing highlighted in bold and italic
  • All basic figure skating jumps are landed backwards.
Classification and distinction of basic figure skating jumps[1][2]
Abbr. Jump
Toe assist
Change of foot
Change of edge
Change of curve
Change of direction
 Take-off edge Landing edge
A Axel — ✓ — — ✓ Forward outside Outside
(opposite foot)
Lz Lutz ✓ ✓ — ✓ — Backward outside Outside
(opposite foot)
F Flip ✓ ✓ ✓ — — Backward inside Outside
(opposite foot)
Lo Loop — — — — — Backward outside Outside
(same foot)
S Salchow — ✓ ✓ — — Backward inside Outside
(opposite foot)
T Toe loop ✓ — — — — Backward outside Outside
(same foot)
Eu Euler
(half-loop)
 — ✓ ✓ — — Backward outside Inside
(opposite foot)

Figure skating steps and turns

Classification and distinction of basic figure skating steps and turns[2][4]
Name Type
Toe pick use
Change of foot
Change of edge
Change of curve
Change of direction
 Ice mark
(shape)
 Image
Twizzle One-foot turn — — — — (✓) Helix
Loop — — — — — Loop
Rocker — — — ✓ ✓ S curve
Counter — — — ✓ ✓ S curve
Bracket — — ✓ — ✓ C curve
(curly bracket)
3 turn
 — — ✓ — ✓ C curve
(number 3)
Choctaw
(S Step)
 Turn with change of foot — ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ S curve
Mohawk
(C Step)
 — ✓ — — ✓ C curve
Change of edge One-foot step — — ✓ ✓ — S curve
Cross roll Step with change of foot — ✓ — ✓ — S curve
Chassé — ✓ ✓ — — C curve
Toe step ✓ — — — — Dots
  1. ^ a b "Communication No. 1944 – Single & pair skating – Scale of Values, Levels of Difficulty and Guidelines for marking, Grade of Execution, season 2015 - 2016". isu.org. International Skating Union. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "InfoCentre – Defined terms". info.skatecanada.ca. Skate Canada. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021.
  3. ^ "Terminology change". noticeboard.skatecanada.ca. Skate Canada. November 6, 2020. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021.
  4. ^ "ISU Judging System – Technical Panel Handbook, single skating 2014/2015" (PDF). isuresults.com. International Skating Union. July 9, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 28, 2021.

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