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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tourism

Further|Tourism in El Salvador}}

Moncagua, San Miguel

It was estimated that 1,394,000 international tourists would visit El Salvador in 2014.[1] Tourism contributed US$855.5 million to El Salvador's GDP in 2013. This represented 3.5% of total GDP.[2] Tourism directly supported 80,500 jobs in 2013. This represented 3.1% of total employment in El Salvador.[2] In 2013, tourism indirectly supported 210,000 jobs, representing 8.1% of total employment in El Salvador.[2] The airport serving international flights in El Salvador is

Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero International Airport. This airport is located about 40 km (25 mi) southeast of San Salvador.[3]

El Salvador has surf tourism due to large waves from the Pacific Ocean.

Most North American and European tourists seek out El Salvador's beaches and nightlife. Besides these two attractions, El Salvador's tourism landscape is slightly different from those of other Central American countries. Because of its geographic size and urbanization there are not many nature-themed tourist destinations such as ecotours or archaeological sites open to the public. Surfing is a natural tourism sector that has gained popularity in recent years as Salvadoran beaches have become increasingly popular. In 2019 the ISA World Surf Competition was held in Surf City, El Salvador[4] Surfers visit many beaches on the coast of La Libertad and the east end of El Salvador, finding surfing spots that are not yet overcrowded. The use of the United States dollar as Salvadoran currency and direct flights of 4 to 6 hours from most cities in the United States are factors that attract American tourists. Urbanization and Americanization of Salvadoran culture has also led to the abundance of American-style malls, stores, and restaurants in the three main urban areas, especially greater San Salvador. According to the El Salvadoran newspaper

San Ignacio.[5]

Notable People

History

Tomayate is a paleontological site located on the banks of the river of the same name in the municipality of

Central American isthmus landbridge played the title primordial role. At the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans
in the Americas.

Etymology

▲ Conquistador

Jesus Christ – El Salvador ("The Savior"). The full name was "Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo, El Salvador Del Mundo" ("Province of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Savior of the World"), which was subsequently abbreviated to "El Salvador" (The Savior).[6]

Pre-Columbian

Geographically,

2014 presidential election, Salvador Sánchez Cerén
belongs to the FMLN party. In the 2015 elections for mayors and members of the National Assembly, ARENA appeared to be the winner with tight control of the National Assembly.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of El Salvador

The 1983 Constitution is the highest legal authority in the country. El Salvador has a democratic and representative government, whose three bodies are:

Salvadoran cadets in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador
  1. The Executive Branch, headed by the President of the Republic, who is elected by direct vote and remains in office for five years. He can be elected to only one term. The president has a Cabinet of Ministers whom he appoints, and is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
  2. The Legislative Branch, called El Salvador's Legislative Assembly (unicameral), consisting of 84 deputies.
  3. The Judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court, which is composed of 15 judges, one of them being elected as President of the Judiciary.

After the Civil War, the Chapultepec Peace Accords (1992) created the new National Civil Police, the Attorney for the Defense of Human Rights and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. The Peace Accords re-imagined the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) as a political party and redefined the role of the army to be for the defense of the sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Accords also removed some security forces who were in command of the army, such as the National Guard, Treasury Police and special battalions that were formed to fight against the insurgency of the 1980s.

The political framework of El Salvador is a

Supreme Court
.

Political culture

Further information: List of political parties in El Salvador
El Salvador's president Salvador Sánchez Cerén (left) with Russian ambassador to El Salvador

El Salvador has a

Marxist-Leninist faction in the legislature, and the social liberal
wing led by President Funes.

Geographically,

2014 presidential election, Salvador Sánchez Cerén
belongs to the FMLN party. In the 2015 elections for mayors and members of the National Assembly, ARENA appeared to be the winner with tight control of the National Assembly.

Political Parties

Defunct

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of El Salvador
President Sánchez Cerén at the 2017 CELAC Summit in Dominican Republic

In November, 1950 El Salvador helped the newly empowered

General Assembly of the United Nations to stop the Communist China's People's Liberation Army's invasion of Tibet. "Only the tiny country of El Salvador agreed to sponsor Tibet's plea."[7]"At the UN, no one was willing to stand up beside El Salvador. The other nations had overriding self-interests, which made it impossible for them to support San Salvador's attempt to bring the invasion before the General Assembly."[7] With no other countries in support, "the UN unanimously dropped the Tibetan plea from its agenda."[7]

El Salvador is a member of the

Central American Common Market (CACM), the Central American Parliament (PARLACEN), and the Central American Integration System
(SICA). It actively participates in the Central American Security Commission (CASC), which seeks to promote regional arms control.

El Salvador also is a member of the World Trade Organization and is pursuing regional free trade agreements. An active participant in the Summit of the Americas process, El Salvador chairs a working group on market access under the Free Trade Area of the Americas initiative.

Military

Further information: Armed Forces of El Salvador

El Salvador has an army, airforce and modest navy. There are around 17,000 personnel in the armed forces in total.[8]

In 2017, El Salvador signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[9][10]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in El Salvador

Amnesty International has drawn attention to several arrests of police officers for unlawful police killings. Other current issues to gain Amnesty International's attention in the past 10 years include missing children, failure of law enforcement to properly investigate and prosecute crimes against women, and rendering

organized labor illegal.[11]

Discrimination against LGBT people in El Salvador is very widespread.[12][13] According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 62% of Salvadorans believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[14]

Administrative divisions

Further information: Departments of El Salvador

El Salvador is divided into 14 departments (departamentos), which in turn are subdivided into 262 municipalities (municipios).

Department names and capitals for the 14 Salvadoran Departments:

Departments of El Salvador
Political division of El Salvador.
Western El Salvador
Sonsonate
)		 Central El Salvador
La Libertad (Santa Tecla)
Chalatenango (Chalatenango)
Cuscatlán (Cojutepeque)
San Salvador (San Salvador)
La Paz (Zacatecoluca)
Cabañas (Sensuntepeque)
San Vicente (San Vicente
)		 Eastern El Salvador
La Unión
)
Note: Departmental capitals are in parentheses.

Economy

Main article: Economy of El Salvador
A proportional representation of El Salvador's exports

El Salvador's economy has been hampered at times by natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes, by government policies that mandate large economic subsidies, and by official corruption. Subsidies became such a problem that in April 2012, the International Monetary Fund suspended a $750 million loan to the central government. President Funes' chief of cabinet, Alex Segovia, acknowledged that the economy was at the "point of collapse."[15]

Antiguo Cuscatlán has the highest per capita income of all the cities in the country, and is a center of international investment.[citation needed]

GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2008 was estimated at US$25.895 billion. The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 64.1%, followed by the industrial sector at 24.7% (2008 est.). Agriculture represents only 11.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

The

GDP grew after 1996 at an annual rate that averaged 3.2% real growth. The government committed to free market initiatives, and the 2007 GDP's real growth rate was 4.7%.[16]

In December 1999, net international reserves equaled US$1.8 billion or roughly five months of imports. Having this hard currency buffer to work with, the Salvadoran government undertook a monetary integration plan beginning January 1, 2001 by which the U.S. dollar became legal tender alongside the

international reserves stood at $2.42 billion.[17][18]

It has long been a challenge in El Salvador to develop new growth sectors for a more diversified economy. In the past, the country produced gold and silver,

NACLA, incoming President Funes later rejected a company's application for a further permit based on the risk of cyanide contamination on one of the country's main rivers.[21]

As with other former colonies, El Salvador was considered a mono-export economy (an economy that depended heavily on one type of export) for many years. During colonial times, El Salvador was a thriving exporter of indigo, but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, the newly created modern state turned to coffee as the main export.

San Miguel is an important economic center of El Salvador and home to the "Carnival of San Miguel", one of the biggest festivals of entertainment and food in Central America.[22]

The government has sought to improve the collection of its current revenues, with a focus on indirect taxes. A 10% value-added tax (IVA in Spanish), implemented in September 1992, was raised to 13% in July 1995.

Inflation has been steady and among the lowest in the region. Since 1997 inflation has averaged 3%, with recent years increasing to nearly 5%. As a result of the free trade agreements, from 2000 to 2006, total exports have grown 19% from $2.94 billion to $3.51 billion, and total imports have risen 54% from $4.95 billion to $7.63 billion. This has resulted in a 102% increase in the trade deficit, from $2.01 billion to $4.12 billion.[23]

El Chorreron, El Salvador; tourism is the fastest-growing sector of the Salvadoran economy.

El Salvador has promoted an open trade and investment environment, and has embarked on a wave of privatization extending to telecommunications, electricity distribution, banking, and pension funds. In late 2006, the government and the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five-year, $461 million compact to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country's northern region, the primary conflict zone during the civil war, through investments in education, public services, enterprise development, and transportation infrastructure. With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency in 2001, El Salvador lost control over monetary policy. Any counter-cyclical policy response to the downturn must be through fiscal policy, which is constrained by legislative requirements for a two-thirds majority to approve any international financing.

Exports to Imports from
Country % Country %
 United States 66%  United States 43.4%
Caribbean 26%  Guatemala 8.2%
 Mexico 1%  Mexico 7.8%
 Spain 1% Europe 7.0%
Others 6% Others 33.6%

Remittances from abroad

El Salvador leads the region in remittances per capita, with inflows equivalent to nearly all export income; about a third of all households receive these financial inflows. Remittances from Salvadorans living and working in the United States, sent to family members in El Salvador, are a major source of foreign

trade deficit of $4.12 billion. Remittances have increased steadily in the last decade, and reached an all-time high of $3.32 billion in 2006 (an increase of 17% over the previous year).[24] approximately 16.2% of gross domestic product
(GDP).

Remittances have had positive and negative effects on El Salvador. In 2005, the number of people living in extreme poverty in El Salvador was 20%,[25] according to a United Nations Development Program report. Without remittances, the number of Salvadorans living in extreme poverty would rise to 37%. While Salvadoran education levels have gone up, wage expectations have risen faster than either skills or productivity. For example, some Salvadorans are no longer willing to take jobs that pay them less than what they receive monthly from family members abroad. This has led to an influx of Hondurans and Nicaraguans who are willing to work for the prevailing wage. Also, the local propensity for consumption over investment has increased.

Money from remittances has also increased prices for certain commodities such as real estate. With much higher wages, many Salvadorans abroad can afford higher prices for houses in El Salvador than local Salvadorans, and thus push up the prices that all Salvadorans must pay.[26]

Free trade agreements

Torre Futura at World Trade Center San Salvador

In 2006, El Salvador was the first country to ratify the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. CAFTA has bolstered exports of processed foods, sugar, and ethanol, and supported investment in the apparel sector, which faced Asian competition with the expiration of the

Multi-Fiber Agreement
in 2005. In anticipation of the declines in the apparel sector's competitiveness, the previous administration sought to diversify the economy by promoting the country as a regional distribution and logistics hub, and by promoting tourism investment through tax incentives.

There are a total of 15

Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) — negotiated by the five countries of Central America and the Dominican Republic — with the United States in 2004. CAFTA requires that the Salvadoran government adopt policies that foster free trade. El Salvador has signed free trade agreements with Mexico, Chile, the Dominican Republic, and Panama and increased its trade with those countries. El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua also are negotiating a free trade agreement with Canada. In October 2007, these four countries and Costa Rica began free trade agreement negotiations with the European Union. Negotiations started in 2006 for a free trade agreement with Colombia
.

Official corruption and foreign investment

In an analysis of ARENA's electoral defeat in 2009, the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador pointed to official corruption under the Saca administration as a significant reason for public rejection of continued ARENA government. According to a secret diplomatic cable made public by WikiLeaks, "While the Salvadoran public may be inured to self-serving behavior by politicians, many in ARENA believe that the brazen manner in which Saca and his people are widely perceived to have used their positions for personal enrichment went beyond the pale. ARENA deputy Roberto d'Aubuisson, son of ARENA founder

Roberto d'Aubuisson, told [a U.S. diplomat] that Saca 'deliberately ignored' his Public Works Minister's government contract kickbacks scheme, even after the case was revealed in the press. Furthermore, considerable evidence exists, including from U.S. business sources, that the Saca administration pushed laws and selectively enforced regulations with the specific intent to benefit Saca family business interests."[27]

Subsequent policies under Funes administrations improved El Salvador to foreign investment, and the World Bank in 2014 rated El Salvador 109, a little better than Belize (118) and Nicaragua (119) in the World Bank's annual "Ease of doing business" index.[28]

As per Santander Trade, a Spanish think tank in foreign investment, "Foreign investment into El Salvador has been steadily growing during the last few years. In 2013, the influx of FDI increased. Nevertheless, El Salvador receives less FDI than other countries of Central America. The government has made little progress in terms of improving the business climate. In addition to this, the limited size of its domestic market, weak infrastructures and institutions, as well as the high level of criminality have been real obstacles to investors. However, El Salvador is the second most "business friendly" country in South America in terms of business taxation. It also has a young and skilled labor force and a strategic geographical position. The country's membership in the DR-CAFTA, as well as its reinforced integration to the C4 countries (producers of cotton) should lead to an increase of FDI."[29]

Foreign companies have lately resorted to arbitration in international trade tribunals in total disagreement with Salvadoran government policies. In 2008, El Salvador sought international arbitration against Italy's Enel Green Power, on behalf of Salvadoran state-owned electric companies for a geothermal project Enel had invested in. Four years later, Enel indicated it would seek arbitration against El Salvador, blaming the government for technical problems that prevent it from completing its investment.[30] The government came to its defense claiming that Art 109 of the constitution does not allow any government (regardless of the party they belong), to privatize the resources of the national soil (in this case geothermic energy). The dispute came to an end in December 2014 when both parties came to a settlement, from which no details have been released. The small country had yielded to pressure from the Washington based powerful ICSID.[31] The U.S. Embassy warned in 2009 that the Salvadoran government's populist policies of mandating artificially low electricity prices were damaging private sector profitability, including the interests of American investors in the energy sector.[32] The U.S. Embassy noted the corruption of El Salvador's judicial system and quietly urged American businesses to include "arbitration clauses, preferably with a foreign venue," when doing business in the country.[33]

The U.S. Embassy warned in 2009 that the Salvadoran government's populist policies of mandating artificially low electricity prices were damaging private sector profitability, including the interests of American investors in the energy sector.[32] The U.S. Embassy noted the corruption of El Salvador's judicial system and quietly urged American businesses to include "arbitration clauses, preferably with a foreign venue," when doing business in the country.[33] On the other hand, a 2008 report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development [1] indicates that one third of the generation of electricity in El Salvador was publicly owned while two thirds was in American hands and other foreign ownership. It is only natural for a small, under-developed country like El Salvador to subsidize some of the resources for the vast majority of its poor population.

Although some events may have tarnished the image of the Salvadoran government,[34] not everything is bad news. In terms of how people perceived the levels of public corruption in 2014, El Salvador ranks 80 out of 175 countries as per the Corruption Perception Index.[35] El Salvador's rating compares relatively well with Panama (94 of 175) and Costa Rica (47 of 175).

Infrastructure

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador

The level of access to water supply and sanitation has been increased significantly. A 2015 conducted study by the University of North Carolina called El Salvador the country that has achieved the greatest progress in the world in terms of increased access to water supply and sanitation and the reduction of inequity in access between urban and rural areas.[36] However, water resources are seriously polluted and a large part of the wastewater discharged into the environment without any treatment. Institutionally a single public institution is both de facto in charge of setting sector policy and of being the main service provider. Attempts at reforming and modernizing the sector through new laws have not borne fruit over the past 20 years.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of El Salvador
Population [37][38]
Year Million
1950 2.2
2000 5.8
2021 6.3

El Salvador's population was 6,314,167 in 2021,[37][38] compared to 2,200,000 in 1950. In 2010 the percentage of the population below the age of 15 was 32.1%, 61% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.9% were 65 years or older.[39]

The capital city of San Salvador has a population of about 2.1 million people. An estimated 42% of El Salvador's population live in rural areas. Urbanization has expanded at a phenomenal rate in El Salvador since the 1960s, with millions moving to the cities and creating associated problems for urban planning and services.

There are up to 100,000

Nicaraguans living in El Salvador.[40]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Groups in El Salvador
Ethnic Groups percent
Mestizo
 
 86.3%
White
 
 12.7%
Indigenous
 
 0.23%
Black
 
 0.13%
Other
 
 0.64%
Salvadoran model Irma Dimas was crowned Miss El Salvador in 2005. She made headlines recently for her entry into Salvadoran politics.

El Salvador's population is composed of

Afro-Salvadoran, and the indigenous people in El Salvador who do not speak indigenous languages or have an indigenous culture, all identify themselves as being culturally mestizo.[42]

12.7% of Salvadorans are

Palestinians
).

0.23% of the population are of full indigenous origin, the ethnic groups are Kakawira which represents 0.07% of the total country's population, then (

Lenca) 0.04% and others minors groups 0.06%. Very few Amerindians have retained their customs and traditions, having over time assimilated into the dominant Mestizo/Spanish culture.[43]

There is a small

Afro-Salvadoran that is 0.13% of the total population, with Blacks having traditionally been prevented from immigrating via government policies.[44][45]

Among the immigrant groups in El Salvador, Palestinian Christians stand out.

Schafik Handal
, was also of Palestinian descent, and the flourishing commercial, industrial, and construction firms owned by this ethnic group.

As of 2004[update], there were approximately 3.2 million Salvadorans living outside El Salvador, with the United States traditionally being the destination of choice for Salvadoran economic migrants. By 2012, there were about 2.0 million Salvadoran immigrants and Americans of Salvadoran descent in the U.S.,[47][48] making them the sixth largest immigrant group in the country.[49] The second destinatation of Salvadorans living outside is Guatemala, with more than 111,000 persons, mainly in Guatemala City. Salvadorans also live in other nearby countries such as Belize, Honduras and Nicaragua.[50] Other countries with notable Salvadoran communities include Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom (including the Cayman Islands), Sweden, Brazil, Italy, Colombia, and Australia.

Salvadorans

Languages

Spanish is the official language and is spoken by virtually all inhabitants. Some indigenous people speak their native tongues (such as

Q'eqchi' is spoken by immigrants of Guatemalan and Belizean indigenous people living in El Salvador. There have also been recent large migrations of Hondurans and Nicaraguans into the country.[51]

The local Spanish

Nawat
is an indigenous language that has survived, though it is only used by small communities of some elderly Salvadorans in western El Salvador.

Largest cities

Further information: List of cities in El Salvador
 
 
Largest cities or towns in El Salvador
2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate[52]
Rank Name Department Pop. Rank Name Department Pop.
Santa Ana
Santa Ana 		1 San Salvador San Salvador 540,989 11
Colón
 La Libertad 96,989 Soyapango
Soyapango
San Miguel
San Miguel
2 Santa Ana Santa Ana 245,421 12 Tonacatepeque San Salvador 90,896
3 Soyapango San Salvador 241,403 13
Opico
 La Libertad 74,280
4 San Miguel San Miguel 218,410 14 Chalchuapa Santa Ana 74,038
5 Santa Tecla La Libertad 164,171 15 Usulután Usulután 73,064
6 Mejicanos San Salvador 140,751 16
San Martín
 San Salvador 72,758
7 Apopa San Salvador 131,286 17 Sonsonate Sonsonate 71,541
8
Delgado
 San Salvador 120,200 18 Izalco Sonsonate 70,959
9 Ahuachapán Ahuachapán 110,511 19 Cuscatancingo San Salvador 66,400
10 Ilopango San Salvador 103,862 20 Metapán Santa Ana 65,826

Religion

Main article: Religion in El Salvador
Religious background in El Salvador
Religion Percent
Roman Catholic
 
 47%
Protestant
 
 33%
None
 
 17%
Other
 
 3%

The majority of the population in El Salvador is

Latter-day Saints, and those adhering to indigenous religious beliefs.[53] The number of evangelicals in the country is growing rapidly.[54] Óscar Romero, the first Salvadoran saint, was canonized by Pope Francis
on 14 October 2018.

Health

See Health in El Salvador

For the period between 2005 and 2010, El Salvador had the third lowest

death rate in Central America, 5.9 deaths per 1,000. In 2015 life expectancy for men was 67.8 years and 77.0 years for women. Healthy life expectancy was 57 for males and 62 for females in 2003.[55] There was considerable improvement in socioeconomic and health status from 1990 to 2015.[56]
During the 1970s there was widespread malnutrition. Sewage systems were rare in rural areas even in the 1980s. There were high rates of infant mortality, malaria, and water-borne diseases.[57] The public healthcare system consists of

In 1984 there were ten general hospitals and twelve health centers in the country. The Medical School of the National University was closed in 1980.[58] There are now 30 public hospitals in El Salvador, plus various primary care facilities and 27 basic health care systems. Before 2009 a “voluntary” donation was demanded access to a public hospital or clinic. Clinics staffed by Community Health Teams have been established in rural areas. Although services are supposed to be free shortage of funds means that people may have to pay for supplies.[59] Emergency services are very basic. The private health sector offers care in medical facilities concentrated in urban areas.[citation needed]

  • Hospital de Diagnostico y Emergencias, San Salvador
  • Hospital de la Mujer
  • Hospital Profamilia
  • Hospital Centro Ginecológico
  • Hospital Bloom (Pediatrics)
  • Hospital Militar[60]

Education

Further information: Education in El Salvador
Dr. Prudencio Llach Observatory

The public education system in El Salvador is severely lacking in resources. Class sizes in public schools can be as large as 50 children per classroom. Salvadorans who can afford the cost often choose to send their children to private schools, which are regarded as being better-quality than public schools. Most private schools follow American, European or other advanced systems. Lower-income families are forced to rely on public education.[citation needed]

Education in El Salvador is free through high school. After nine years of basic education (elementary–middle school), students have the option of a two-year high school or a three-year high school. A two-year high school prepares the student for transfer to a university. A three-year high school allows the student to graduate and enter the workforce in a vocational career, or to transfer to a university to further their education in their chosen field.[61]

Universidad de El Salvador
, and many other specialised private universities.

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  49. ^ "Salvadoran Immigrants in the United States", Migration Policy Institute (MPI), January 2010
  50. ^ "Comunidad Salvadorena: Republica de Nicaragua" (PDF). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  51. ^ Ethnologue report for language code:kek. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  52. ^ "2007 El Salvador Bureau of Statistics estimate" (PDF). General (Salvadoran) Institute of Statistics and Census. April 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  53. ^ a b c "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
  54. ^ Stephen Offutt, New Centers of Global Evangelicalism in Latin America and Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2015) focuses on El Salvador and South Africa.
  55. ^ "El Salvador". Who.int. 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  56. ^ "Country Report: El Salvador". Pan American Health Organization. 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  57. ^ Haggarty, Richard (1988). "El Salvador: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  58. ^ Haggarty, Richard (1988). "El Salvador: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  59. ^ Bloom, Amanda (23 January 2013). "Universal Health Care in El Salvador – A Personal Reflection". Global Healthcheck. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  60. ^ "Medical Assistance". U.S. Embassy in El Salvador. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  61. ^ "What's Education Like in El Salvador". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
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