Colombia

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Coordinates: 4°N 72°W / 4°N 72°W / 4; -72
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This article is about the country. For its predecessor, see Gran Colombia. For other uses, see Colombia (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Columbia or Colombo.

Republic of Colombia
República de Colombia (Spanish)
Motto: "Libertad y Orden" (Spanish)
"Freedom and Order"
Anthem: 
Christian
  • 11.1% no religion
  • 1.9% other
    • Demonym(s)Colombian
    GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
    • President
    		Gustavo Petro
    Francia Márquez
    LegislatureCongress
    • Upper house
    		Senate
    • Lower house
    		Chamber of Representatives
    Independence from Spain
    • Declared
    		20 July 1810
    7 August 1819
    • Last unitisation
    		5 August 1886
    • Secession of Panama
    		6 November 1903
    4 July 1991
    Area
    • Total
    		1,141,748 km2 (440,831 sq mi) (25th)
    • Water (%)
    		2.1 (as of 2015)[5]
    Population
    • 2024 estimate
    		Neutral increase 52,695,952[6] (27th)
    • Density
    		46.15/km2 (119.5/sq mi) (174th)
    GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $1.042 trillion[7] (32nd)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $19,770[7] (82nd)
    GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $386.076 billion[7] (46th)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $7,327[7] (97th)
    Gini (2022)Negative increase 54.8[8]
    high inequality
    HDI (2022)Increase 0.758[9]
    high (91st)
    CurrencyColombian peso (COP)
    Time zoneUTC−5[b] (COT)
    Date formatDMY
    Calling code+57
    ISO 3166 codeCO
    Internet TLD.co
    1. ^ Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (Castellano) as the official language in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups – approximately 68 languages – each is also official in its territory.[10] English is also official in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.[11]
    2. ^ The official Colombian time[12] is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.[13]

    Colombia,[b] officially the Republic of Colombia,[c] is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urban areas include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Cúcuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi) and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage[15]—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe[16][17][18][19] and the Middle East,[20][21][22] with those brought by the African diaspora,[23] as well as with those of the various Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization.[24] Spanish is the official language, although Creole, English and 64 other languages are recognized regionally.

    Colombia has been home to many

    Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability, and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.[25][26] Colombia is recognized for its healthcare system, being the best healthcare in Latin America according to the World Health Organization and 22nd in the world.[27][28] Its diversified economy is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.[29][30]

    Colombia is one of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries; it has the highest level of biodiversity per square mile in the world and the second-highest level overall.[31] Its territory encompasses Amazon rainforest, highlands, grasslands and deserts. It is the only country in South America with coastlines (and islands) along both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Colombia is a key member of major global and regional organizations including the UN, the WTO, the OECD, the OAS, the Pacific Alliance and the Andean Community; it is also a NATO Global Partner[32] and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[33]

    Etymology

    The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator

    Latin: Christophorus Columbus, Italian: Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish: Cristóbal Colón). It was conceived as a reference to all of the New World.[34] The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, and northwest Brazil).[35]

    When Venezuela, Ecuador, and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, the former Department of Cundinamarca adopted the name "Republic of New Granada". New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was again changed, this time to United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name – the Republic of Colombia – in 1886.[35]

    To refer to this country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia and República de Colombia.[36]

    History

    Main articles: History of Colombia and Timeline of Colombian history

    Pre-Columbian era

    Main article: Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia
    Location map of the pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia

    Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human civilization from Mesoamerica and the Caribbean to the Andes and Amazon basin. The oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 kilometers (62 mi) southwest of Bogotá.[37] These sites date from the Paleoindian period (18,000–8000 BCE). At Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. Vestiges indicate that there was also early occupation in the regions of El Abra and Tequendama in Cundinamarca. The oldest pottery discovered in the Americas, found in San Jacinto, dates to 5000–4000 BCE.[38]

    Indigenous people inhabited the territory that is now Colombia by 12,500 BCE. Nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes at the El Abra, Tibitó and Tequendama sites near present-day Bogotá traded with one another and with other cultures from the Magdalena River Valley.[39] A site including eight miles (13 km) of pictographs that is under study at Serranía de la Lindosa was revealed in November 2020.[40] Their age is suggested as being 12,500 years old (c. 10,480 B.C.) by the anthropologists working on the site, because of extinct fauna depicted. It was during the earliest known human occupation of the area.

    Between 5000 and 1000 BCE, hunter-gatherer tribes transitioned to agrarian societies; fixed settlements were established, and pottery appeared. Beginning in the 1st millennium BCE, groups of

    Malayo-Polynesians and Native Americans in Colombia made contact, thereby spreading Native American genetics from Precolonial Colombia to some Pacific Ocean islands.[44][45]

    Colonial period

    Main articles: New Kingdom of Granada and Viceroyalty of New Granada
    See also: Spanish conquest of New Granada, Spanish conquest of the Muisca, Spanish colonization of the Americas, and Spanish Empire
    Vasco Núñez de Balboa, founder of Santa María la Antigua del Darién, the first stable European settlement on the continent

    Alonso de Ojeda (who had sailed with Columbus) reached the Guajira Peninsula in 1499.[46][47] Spanish explorers, led by Rodrigo de Bastidas, made the first exploration of the Caribbean coast in 1500.[48] Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502.[49] In 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa accompanied an expedition to the territory through the region of Gulf of Urabá and they founded the town of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in 1510, the first stable settlement on the continent.[d][50] Santa Marta was founded in 1525,[51] and Cartagena in 1533.[52] Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada led an expedition to the interior in April 1536, and christened the districts through which he passed "New Kingdom of Granada". In August 1538, he provisionally founded its capital near the Muisca cacicazgo of Muyquytá, and named it "Santa Fe". The name soon acquired a suffix and was called Santa Fe de Bogotá.[53][54] Two other notable journeys by early conquistadors to the interior took place in the same period. Sebastián de Belalcázar, conqueror of Quito, traveled north and founded Cali, in 1536, and Popayán, in 1537;[55] from 1536 to 1539, German conquistador Nikolaus Federmann crossed the Llanos Orientales and went over the Cordillera Oriental in a search for El Dorado, the "city of gold".[56][57] The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish and other Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.[58]

    The

    Royal Audience of Santa Fe de Bogotá, which at that time comprised the provinces of Santa Marta, Rio de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena.[68] But important decisions were taken from the colony to Spain by the Council of the Indies.[69][70]

    An illustration of the Battle of Cartagena de Indias, a major Spanish victory in the War of Jenkins' Ear[71]

    In the 16th century, European slave traders had begun to bring

    subjects of the Spanish Crown.[78] To protect the indigenous peoples, several forms of land ownership and regulation were established by the Spanish colonial authorities: resguardos, encomiendas and haciendas.[62][63][64]

    However, secret anti-Spanish discontentment was already brewing for Colombians since Spain prohibited direct trade between the

    Viceroyalty of New Spain, which included the Philippines, the source of Asian products like silk and porcelain which was in demand in the Americas. Illegal trade between Peruvians, Filipinos, and Mexicans continued in secret, as smuggled Asian goods ended up in Córdoba, Colombia, the distribution center for illegal Asian imports, due to the collusion between these peoples against the authorities in Spain. They settled and traded with each other while disobeying the forced Spanish monopoly.[79]

    Map of the Viceroyalty of New Granada

    The Viceroyalty of New Granada was established in 1717, then temporarily removed, and then re-established in 1739. Its capital was Santa Fé de Bogotá. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America that had previously been under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalties of New Spain or Peru and correspond mainly to today's Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. Bogotá became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with Lima and Mexico City, though it remained less developed compared to those two cities in several economic and logistical ways.[80][81]

    Great Britain declared war on Spain in 1739, and the city of Cartagena quickly became a top target for the British. A massive British expeditionary force was dispatched to capture the city, but, after achieving initial inroads, devastating outbreaks of disease crippled their numbers, and the British were forced to withdraw. The battle became one of Spain's most decisive victories in the conflict, and secured Spanish dominance in the Caribbean until the Seven Years' War.[71][82] The 18th-century priest, botanist, and mathematician José Celestino Mutis was delegated by Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora to conduct an inventory of the nature of New Granada. Started in 1783, this became known as the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada. It classified plants and wildlife, and founded the first astronomical observatory in the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá.[83] In July 1801 the Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt reached Santa Fe de Bogotá where he met with Mutis. In addition, historical figures in the process of independence in New Granada emerged from the expedition as the astronomer Francisco José de Caldas, the scientist Francisco Antonio Zea, the zoologist Jorge Tadeo Lozano and the painter Salvador Rizo.[84][85]

    Independence

    Main articles: Colombian War of Independence, First Republic of New Granada, and Gran Colombia
    The departments of Gran Colombia in 1824

    Rebellions against Spanish rule had occurred in the empire since the advent of conquest and colonization, but most were either crushed or remained too weak to change the overall situation. The last one that sought outright independence from Spain sprang up around 1810 and culminated in the Colombian Declaration of Independence, issued on 20 July 1810, the day that is now celebrated as the nation's Independence Day.[86] This movement followed the independence of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) in 1804, which provided some support to an eventual leader of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar. Francisco de Paula Santander also would play a decisive role.[87][88][89]

    A movement was initiated by

    pro-Spanish resistance was defeated in 1822 in the present territory of Colombia and in 1823 in Venezuela.[98][99][100] During the Independence War, between 250 and 400 thousand people (12–20% of the pre-war population) died.[101][102][103]

    The territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Colombia, organized as a union of the current territories of Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, parts of Guyana and Brazil and north of Marañón River.[104] The Congress of Cúcuta in 1821 adopted a constitution for the new Republic.[105][106] Simón Bolívar became the first President of Colombia, and Francisco de Paula Santander was made Vice President.[107] However, the new republic was unstable and the Gran Colombia ultimately collapsed.

    Modern Colombia comes from one of the countries that emerged after the

    constitutional government in South America,[111] and the Liberal and Conservative parties, founded in 1848 and 1849, respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas.[112] Slavery was abolished in the country in 1851.[113][114]

    Internal political and territorial divisions led to the dissolution of

    New Granada", which it kept until 1858 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (Granadine Confederation). After a two-year civil war in 1863, the United States of Colombia was created, which became known as the Republic of Colombia in 1886.[111][115] Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days' War (1899–1902), in which between 100 and 180 thousand Colombians lost their lives when the Liberal Party, supported by Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala rebelled against the Nationalist government and took control of Santander, ultimately being defeated in 1902 by nationalist forces.[116]

    20th century

    See also: Colombian conflict and La Violencia

    The United States of America's intentions to influence the area (especially the

    war because of territory disputes far in the Amazon basin. The war ended with a peace deal brokered by the League of Nations. The League finally awarded the disputed area to Colombia in June 1934.[120]

    The Bogotazo in 1948

    Soon after, Colombia achieved some degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as

    El Bogotazo, spread throughout the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians.[123]

    Colombia entered the Korean War when Laureano Gómez was elected president. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at Old Baldy.[124]

    The violence between the two political parties decreased first when

    Gabriel París.[125][126]

    The Axis of Peace and Memory, a memorial to the victims of the Colombian conflict (1964–present)

    After Rojas' deposition, the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party agreed to create the National Front, a coalition that would jointly govern the country. Under the deal, the presidency would alternate between conservatives and liberals every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices.[127] The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress.[128][129] Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political problems continued, and guerrilla groups were formally created such as the FARC, the ELN and the M-19 to fight the government and political apparatus.[130]

    Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an

    human rights defenders have fought for the respect for human rights, despite staggering opposition.[g][h] Several guerrillas' organizations decided to demobilize after peace negotiations in 1989–1994.[25]

    The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the

    Chiquita Brands International are some of the international actors that have contributed to the violence of the conflict.[131][25][137]

    Beginning in the mid-1970s Colombian drug cartels became major producers, processors and exporters of illegal drugs, primarily marijuana and cocaine.[138]

    On 4 July 1991, a new Constitution was promulgated. The changes generated by the new constitution are viewed as positive by Colombian society.[139][140]

    21st century

    See also: Colombian peace process
    Former President Juan Manuel Santos signing a peace accord

    The administration of President

    counter-insurgency campaign.[141] The government economic plan also promoted confidence in investors.[142] As part of a controversial peace process, the AUC (right-wing paramilitaries) had ceased to function formally as an organization .[143] In February 2008, millions of Colombians demonstrated against FARC and other outlawed groups.[144]

    After peace negotiations in

    Special Jurisdiction of Peace has been created to investigate, clarify, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law which occurred during the armed conflict and to satisfy victims' right to justice.[154] During his visit to Colombia, Pope Francis paid tribute to the victims of the conflict.[155]

    Gustavo Petro, the country's first left-wing president

    In June 2018,

    Venezuela's crisis should be peaceful.[160] Colombia proposed the idea of the Sustainable Development Goals and a final document was adopted by the United Nations.[161] In February 2019, Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro cut off diplomatic relations with Colombia after Colombian President Ivan Duque had helped Venezuelan opposition politicians deliver humanitarian aid to their country. Colombia recognized Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the country's legitimate president. In January 2020, Colombia rejected Maduro's proposal that the two countries restore diplomatic relations.[162]

    Protests started on 28 April 2021 when the government proposed a tax bill that would greatly expand the range of the 19 percent value-added tax.[163] The 19 June 2022 election run-off vote ended in a win for former guerrilla, Gustavo Petro, taking 50.47% of the vote compared to 47.27% for independent candidate Rodolfo Hernández. The single-term limit for the country's presidency prevented President Iván Duque from seeking re-election. On 7 August 2022, Petro was sworn in, becoming the country's first leftist president.[164][165]

    Geography

    Main articles: Geography of Colombia and Geology of Colombia
    Topographic map of Colombia

    The geography of Colombia is characterized by its six main

    insular area, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.[166] It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.[167]

    Colombia is bordered to the northwest by

    4°S and between longitudes 67° and 79°W
    .

    East of the Andes lies the

    Buenaventura.[166][169][170]

    Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta as seen from the ISS

    Part of the

    Armenia; and the Cordillera Oriental, extending northeast to the Guajira Peninsula and including Bogotá, Bucaramanga, and Cúcuta.[166][169][170] Peaks in the Cordillera Occidental exceed 4,700 m (15,420 ft), and in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental they reach 5,000 m (16,404 ft). At 2,600 m (8,530 ft), Bogotá is the highest city of its size in the world.[166]

    The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca,

    Caquetá. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers mark limits with Colombia to Venezuela and Peru respectively.[172]

    Climate

    Main article: Climate of Colombia
    Colombia map of Köppen climate classification

    The climate of Colombia is characterized for being tropical presenting variations within six natural regions and depending on the altitude, temperature, humidity, winds and rainfall.[173] Colombia has a diverse range of climate zones, including tropical rainforests, savannas, steppes, deserts and mountain climates.

    Mountain climate is one of the unique features of the Andes and other high altitude reliefs where climate is determined by elevation. Below 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) in elevation is the warm altitudinal zone, where temperatures are above 24 °C (75.2 °F). About 82.5% of the country's total area lies in the warm altitudinal zone. The temperate climate altitudinal zone located between 1,001 and 2,000 meters (3,284 and 6,562 ft) is characterized for presenting an average temperature ranging between 17 and 24 °C (62.6 and 75.2 °F). The cold climate is present between 2,001 and 3,000 meters (6,565 and 9,843 ft) and the temperatures vary between 12 and 17 °C (53.6 and 62.6 °F). Beyond lies the alpine conditions of the forested zone and then the treeless grasslands of the páramos. Above 4,000 meters (13,123 ft), where temperatures are below freezing, the climate is glacial, a zone of permanent snow and ice.[173]

    Biodiversity and conservation

    See also: Fauna of Colombia, Flora of Colombia, and Deforestation in Colombia

    Colombia is one of the megadiverse countries in biodiversity,[174] ranking first in bird species.[175] Colombia is the country with the planet's highest biodiversity, having the highest rate of species by area as well as the largest number of endemisms (species that are not found naturally anywhere else) of any country. About 10% of the species of the Earth live in Colombia, including over 1,900 species of bird, more than in Europe and North America combined. Colombia has 10% of the world's mammals species, 14% of the amphibian species and 18% of the bird species of the world.[176]

    endemic orchid Cattleya trianae, is named for Colombian botanist and physician José Jerónimo Triana.[177]

    As for plants, the country has between 40,000 and 45,000 plant species, equivalent to 10 or 20% of total global species, which is even more remarkable given that Colombia is considered a country of intermediate size.[178] Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world, lagging only after Brazil which is approximately 7 times bigger.[31]

    Colombia has about 2,000 species of

    ecosystems.[179][180]

    Protected areas and the "National Park System" cover an area of about 14,268,224 hectares (142,682.24 km2) and account for 12.77% of the Colombian territory.[181] Compared to neighboring countries, rates of deforestation in Colombia are still relatively low.[182] Colombia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.26/10, ranking it 25th globally out of 172 countries.[183] Colombia is the sixth country in the world by magnitude of total renewable freshwater supply, and still has large reserves of freshwater.[184]

    Government and politics

    Main article: Government of Colombia
    See also: Colombian Constitution of 1991
    Casa de Nariño is the official home and principal workplace of the President of Colombia.

    The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of 1991.[140] In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.[185]

    As the head of the executive branch, the

    department governors, municipal mayors and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions, such as corregimientos or comunas.[187] All regional elections are held one year and five months after the presidential election.[188][189]

    Capitolio Nacional, seat of the Congress

    The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate.[190][191] The Senate is elected nationally and the Chamber of Representatives is elected in electoral districts.[192] Members of both houses are elected to serve four-year terms two months before the president, also by popular vote.[193]

    Palace of Justice of Colombia, seat and symbol of the Judiciary of Colombia

    The judicial branch is headed by

    Council of State, which has special responsibility for administrative law and also provides legal advice to the executive, the Constitutional Court, responsible for assuring the integrity of the Colombian constitution, and the Superior Council of Judicature, responsible for auditing the judicial branch.[195] Colombia operates a system of civil law, which since 1991 has been applied through an adversarial system.[196]

    Despite a number of controversies, the

    Francia Marquez, who was the first black person elected as vice president.[203]

    Foreign affairs

    Main article: Foreign relations of Colombia
    See also: List of diplomatic missions of Colombia
    The VII Summit of the Pacific Alliance: Former President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos is second from the left.

    The foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President, as head of state, and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.[204] Colombia has diplomatic missions in all continents.[205]

    Colombia was one of the four founding members of the

    Andean Community of Nations.[207][208][209][210][211]

    Colombia is a global partner of NATO[212] and a major non-NATO ally of the United States.[33]

    Military

    Main article: Military Forces of Colombia
    Colombian Navy Frigate ARC Caldas

    The executive branch of government is responsible for managing the defense of Colombia, with the President

    Colombian National Police. Colombia has 455,461 active military personnel.[213] In 2016, 3.4% of the country's GDP went towards military expenditure, placing it 24th in the world. Colombia's armed forces are the largest in Latin America, and it is the second largest spender on its military after Brazil.[214][215] In 2018, Colombia signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[216]

    The Colombian military is divided into three branches: the

    Colombian Aerospace Force; and the Colombian Navy. The National Police functions as a gendarmerie, operating independently from the military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus separate from the National Intelligence Directorate (DNI, in Spanish).[217]

    The National Army is formed by divisions, brigades, special brigades, and special units,[218] the Colombian Navy by the Naval Infantry, the Naval Force of the Caribbean, the Naval Force of the Pacific, the Naval Force of the South, the Naval Force of the East, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation, and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia[219] and the Aerospace Force by 15 air units.[220]

    Administrative divisions

    Main articles: Departments of Colombia and Municipalities of Colombia
    See also:
    List of cities in Colombia and Corregimientos of Colombia

    Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district, which is treated as a department (Bogotá also serves as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca). Departments are subdivided into municipalities, each of which is assigned a municipal seat, and municipalities are in turn subdivided into corregimientos in rural areas and into comunas in urban areas. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms, and each municipality is headed by a mayor and council. There is a popularly elected local administrative board in each of the corregimientos or comunas.[221][222][223][224]

    In addition to the capital, four other cities have been designated

    Buenaventura. Some departments have local administrative subdivisions, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other (for example, in Antioquia and Cundinamarca). Where departments have a low population (for example Amazonas, Vaupés and Vichada), special administrative divisions are employed, such as "department corregimientos", which are a hybrid of a municipality and a corregimiento.[221][222]

    Click on a department on the map below to go to its article.

    La Guajira DepartmentMagdalena DepartmentAtlántico DepartmentCesar DepartmentBolívar DepartmentNorte de Santander DepartmentSucre DepartmentCórdoba DepartmentSantander DepartmentAntioquia DepartmentBoyacá DepartmentArauca DepartmentChocó DepartmentCaldas DepartmentCundinamarca DepartmentCasanare DepartmentVichada DepartmentValle del Cauca DepartmentTolima DepartmentMeta DepartmentHuila DepartmentGuainía DepartmentGuaviare DepartmentCauca DepartmentVaupés DepartmentNariño DepartmentCaquetá DepartmentPutumayo DepartmentAmazonas (Colombian department)Risaralda DepartmentRisaralda DepartmentQuindío DepartmentQuindío DepartmentBogotáBogotáArchipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina
    Department Capital city
    1 Flag of the Department of Amazonas Amazonas
    Leticia
    2 Flag of the Department of Antioquia Antioquia Medellín
    3 Flag of the Department of Arauca Arauca Arauca
    4 Flag of the Department of Atlántico Atlántico Barranquilla
    5 Flag of the Department of Bolívar Bolívar Cartagena
    6 Flag of the Department of Boyacá Boyacá Tunja
    7 Flag of the Department of Caldas Caldas Manizales
    8
    Caquetá
    		 Florencia
    9 Flag of the Department of Casanare Casanare   Yopal
    10 Flag of the Department of Cauca Cauca Popayán
    11 Flag of the Department of Cesar Cesar Valledupar      
    12 Flag of the Department of Chocó Chocó Quibdó
    13 Flag of the Department of Córdoba Córdoba Montería
    14 Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca Cundinamarca Bogotá
    15 Flag of the Department of Guainía Guainía Inírida
    16 Flag of the Department of Guaviare Guaviare San José del Guaviare
    17 Flag of the Department of Huila Huila
    Neiva
    Department Capital city
    18
    La Guajira
          		 Riohacha
    19 Flag of the Department of Magdalena Magdalena Santa Marta
    20 Flag of the Department of Meta Meta Villavicencio
    21 Flag of the Department of Nariño Nariño Pasto
    22 Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander Norte de Santander Cúcuta
    23 Flag of the Department of Putumayo Putumayo Mocoa
    24 Flag of the Department of Quindío Quindío Armenia
    25 Flag of the Department of Risaralda Risaralda Pereira
    26 Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina San Andrés, Providencia
    and Santa Catalina    		 San Andrés
    27 Flag of the Department of Santander Santander Bucaramanga
    28 Flag of the Department of Sucre Sucre Sincelejo
    29
    Tolima
    		 Ibagué
    30 Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca Valle del Cauca
    Cali
    31 Flag of the Department of Vichada Vaupés Mitú
    32 Flag of the Department of Vichada Vichada Puerto Carreño
    33 Flag of Bogotá Bogotá Bogotá

    Economy

    Main article: Economy of Colombia
    See also: Industry of Colombia
    Skyline of Bogotá's skyscrapers
    Colombia GDP by sector in 2017
    Bancolombia headquarters in Medellín

    Historically an agrarian economy, Colombia urbanized rapidly in the 20th century, by the end of which just 15.8% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, generating just 6.6% of GDP; 20% of the workforce were employed in industry and 65% in services, responsible for 33% and 60% of GDP respectively.

    domestic demand. Consumption expenditure by households is the largest component of GDP.[227][29][228]

    Colombia's

    highest in Latin America.[26] According to International Monetary Fund estimates, in 2023, Colombia's GDP (PPP) was US$1 trillion, 32nd in the world
    and third in South America, after Brazil and Argentina.

    Total

    labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%).[234] Colombia has free-trade zones (FTZ),[235] such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment.[236]

    The

    Colombian Stock Exchange through the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) offers a regional market to trade equities.[239][240] Colombia is now one of only three economies with a perfect score on the strength of legal rights index, according to the World Bank.[241]

    Colombia is rich in natural resources, and it is heavily dependent on energy and mining exports.

    pharmaceuticals, vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipment, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, textile and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, construction equipment, software, among others.[243] Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries.[244][245]

    Non-traditional exports have boosted the growth of Colombian foreign sales as well as the diversification of destinations of export thanks to new free

    trade agreements.[246] Recent economic growth has led to a considerable increase of new millionaires, including the new entrepreneurs, Colombians with a net worth exceeding US$1 billion.[247][248]

    In 2017, however, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% were in "extreme poverty". The multidimensional poverty rate stands at 17.0 percent of the population.[249] The Government has also been developing a process of financial inclusion within the country's most vulnerable population.[250]

    The contribution of tourism to GDP was US$5,880.3bn (2.0% of total GDP) in 2016. Tourism generated 556,135 jobs (2.5% of total employment) in 2016.[251] Foreign tourist visits were predicted to have risen from 0.6 million in 2007 to 4 million in 2017.[252][253]

    Agriculture and natural resources

    Main articles:
    Mining in Colombia
    open-pit coal mine
    , the largest of its type, the largest in Latin America and the tenth biggest in the world.

    In agriculture, Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of

    chicken meat.[254][255][256] Colombia is also the 2nd largest flower exporter in the world, after the Netherlands.[257] Colombian agriculture emits 55% of Colombia's greenhouse gas emissions, mostly from deforestation, over-extensive cattle ranching, land grabbing, and illegal agriculture.[258]

    Colombia is an important exporter of coal and petroleum – in 2020, more than 40% of the country's exports were based on these two products.[259] In 2018 it was the 5th largest coal exporter in the world.[260] In 2019, Colombia was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, with 791 thousand barrels/day, exporting a good part of its production – the country was the 19th largest oil exporter in the world in 2020.[261] In mining, Colombia is the world's largest producer of emerald,[262] and in the production of gold, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced 15 tons per year until 2007, when its production increased significantly, beating the record of 66.1 tons extracted in 2012. In 2017, it extracted 52.2 tons. Currently, the country is among the 25 largest gold producers in the world.[263]

    Energy and transportation

    Main articles: Electricity sector in Colombia and Transport in Colombia
    Sogamoso Dam

    The electricity production in Colombia comes mainly from Renewable energy sources. 69.93% is obtained from the hydroelectric generation.[264] Colombia's commitment to renewable energy was recognized in the 2014 Global Green Economy Index (GGEI), ranking among the top 10 nations in the world in terms of greening efficiency sectors.[265]

    Cartagena

    Transportation in Colombia is regulated within the functions of the

    Superintendency of Ports and Transport.[271]

    In 2021, Colombia had 204,389 km (127,001 mi) of roads, 32,280 km (20,058 mi) of which were paved. At the end of 2017, the country had around 2,100 km (1,305 mi) of

    oil pipelines, and 2,990 kilometers of refined-products pipelines.[274]

    The Colombian government aimed to build 7,000 km of roads between 2016 and 2020, which would reduce travel times by an estimated 30 per cent, and transport costs by an estimated 20 per cent. A toll road concession programme will comprise 40 projects, and is part of a larger strategic goal to invest nearly $50 bn in transport infrastructure, including railway systems, making the Magdalena River navigable again, improving port facilities, and an expansion of El Dorado International Airport.[275][needs update] Colombia is a middle-income country.[276]

    Science and technology

    Main article: Science and technology in Colombia
    Colciencias
    is a Colombian Government agency that supports fundamental and applied research.

    Colombia has more than 3,950 research groups in science and technology.

    global warming and food security.[282]

    Important inventions related to medicine have been made in Colombia, such as the first

    external artificial pacemaker with internal electrodes, invented by the electrical engineer Jorge Reynolds Pombo, an invention of great importance for those who suffer from heart failure. Also invented in Colombia were the microkeratome and keratomileusis technique, which form the fundamental basis of what now is known as LASIK (one of the most important techniques for the correction of refractive errors of vision) and the Hakim valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus.[283] Colombia has begun to innovate in military technology for its army and other armies of the world; especially in the design and creation of personal ballistic protection products, military hardware, military robots, bombs, simulators and radar.[284][285]

    Some leading Colombian scientists are Joseph M. Tohme, researcher recognized for his work on the

    tumors, tuberculosis and even some viruses and Ángela Restrepo who established accurate diagnoses and treatments to combat the effects of a disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.[287][288][289]

    Demographics

    Main article: Demographics of Colombia
    See also: List of Colombian departments by population
    Population density of Colombia in 2013
    Population history of Colombia

    With an estimated 50 million people in 2020, Colombia is the

    third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.[290] At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million.[291] Since the early 1970s Colombia has experienced steady declines in its fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The population growth rate for 2016 is estimated to be 0.9%.[292] About 26.8% of the population were 15 years old or younger, 65.7% were between 15 and 64 years old, and 7.4% were over 65 years old. The proportion of older persons in the total population has begun to increase substantially.[293] Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 million by 2050.[294]

    Estimates for the population of the area that is now Colombia range between 2.5 and 12 million people in 1500; estimates between the extremes include figures of 6[54] and 7 million. With the Spanish conquest, the region's population had collapsed to around 1.2 million people in 1600, for an estimated decrease of 52–90%. By the end of the colonial period, it had declined further to around 800,000; it began rising in the early 19th century to around 1.4 million, where it would drop again in the Colombian War of Independence to between 1 and 1.2 million. The country's population did not recover to pre-conquest levels until the 1940s, nearly 450 years after its 16th-century peak.[295]

    The population is concentrated in the

    Caribbean coast, also the population densities are generally higher in the Andean region. The nine eastern lowland departments, comprising about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 6% of the population.[169][170] Traditionally a rural society, movement to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-20th century, and Colombia is now one of the most urbanized countries in Latin America. The urban population increased from 31% of the total in 1938 to nearly 60% in 1973, and by 2014 the figure stood at 76%.[296][297] The population of Bogotá alone has increased from just over 300,000 in 1938 to approximately 8 million today.[298] In total seventy-two cities now have populations of 100,000 or more (2015). As of 2012 Colombia has the world's largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), estimated to be up to 4.9 million people.[299]

    The life expectancy was 74.8 years in 2015, and infant mortality was 13.1 per thousand in 2016.[300][301] In 2015, 94.58% of adults and 98.66% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.49% of its GDP on education.[302]

    Languages

    Main article: Languages of Colombia
    See also: Colombian Spanish

    Around 99.2% of Colombians speak Spanish, also called Castilian; 65

    Creole languages, the Romani language and Colombian Sign Language are also used in the country. English has official status in the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina.[11][303][304][305]

    Including Spanish, a total of 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken in-country today – most of which belong to the Chibchan, Tucanoan, Bora–Witoto, Guajiboan, Arawakan, Cariban, Barbacoan, and Saliban language families. There are currently more than 850,000 speakers of native languages.[306][307]

    Ethnic groups

    Main article: Race and ethnicity in Colombia
    Ethnic groups in Colombia - 2018 Census[2]
    1. Mestizo-White 87.58 (87.6%)
    2. Afro-Colombian (includes mixed
      ) 6.68 (6.68%)
    3. Amerindian 4.31 (4.31%)
    4. Not stated 1.35 (1.35%)
    5. Raizal 0.06 (0.06%)
    6. Palenquero 0.02 (0.02%)
    7. Romani
      0.01 (0.01%)

    Colombia is ethnically diverse, its people descending from the original

    chiefdoms. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.[310][2] In a study by the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Colombians have an average ancestry of 47% Amerindian DNA, 42% European DNA, and 11% African DNA.[311]

    The

    Indigenous, 9.0% are Black, 4.4% are Mulatto, and 0.4% are Asian, these estimates would equate to around 26 million people being Mestizo, 14 million being White, 5 million being Indigenous, 5 million being Black, 2 million being Mulatto, and 200k being Asian.[312]

    Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023[312]
    1. Mestizo (50.3%)
    2. White (26.4%)
    3. Amerindian
      (9.5%)
    4. Black
      (9%)
    5. Mulatto (4.4%)
    6. Asian (0.4%)

    The

    Italian ancestry.[313][2]

    Many of the

    La Guajira, Cauca, Nariño, Córdoba and Sucre have the largest indigenous populations.[2]

    The Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (ONIC), founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982, is an organization representing the indigenous peoples of Colombia. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989.[318]

    Jamaicans migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia. A number of other Europeans and North Americans migrated to the country in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including people from the former USSR during and after the Second World War.[320][321]

    Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the

    Venezuelans, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.[324] In August 2019, Colombia offered citizenship to more than 24,000 children of Venezuelan refugees who were born in Colombia.[325]

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in Colombia
    See also:
    Jews in Colombia
    Las Lajas Sanctuary in the southern Colombian Department of Nariño

    The

    Rastafari movement, Eastern Orthodox Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.[326][327][328]
    1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion.

    While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.[329]

    Health

    Main article: Health care in Colombia
    América Economía ranking of the best clinics and hospitals in Latin America.[330]

    The overall life expectancy in Colombia at birth is 79.3 years (76.7 years for males and 81.9 years for females).[300] Healthcare reforms have led to massive improvements in the healthcare systems of the country, with health standards in Colombia improving very much since the 1980s. The new system has widened population coverage by the social and health security system from 21% (pre-1993) to 96% in 2012.[331] In 2017, the government declared a cancer research and treatment center as a Project of National Strategic Interest.[332]

    A 2016 study conducted by

    América Economía magazine ranked 21 Colombian health care institutions among the top 44 in Latin America, amounting to 48 percent of the total.[330] In 2022, 26 Colombian hospitals were among the 61 best in Latin America (42% total).[333] Also in 2023, two Colombian hospitals were among the top 75 of the world.[334][335]

    Education

    Main article: Education in Colombia

    The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law.[336] It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.[337]

    M5 building – National University of Colombia, designed by Pedro Nel Gómez

    After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a

    SENA after a two years curriculum.[338]

    Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.[337]

    Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2015 was 4.49%. This represented 15.05% of total government expenditure. The

    School-life expectancy was 14.42 years. A total of 94.58% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.66% of those aged 15–24.[302]

    Crime

    Colombian National Police Special Operations Command (COPES), displayed in Pereira. A subdivision of the National Police for the fight against organized crime and terrorist acts.
    This section is an excerpt from Crime in Colombia.[edit]

    Colombia has a high crime rate due to being a center for the cultivation and trafficking of

    paramilitary groups, crime syndicates, and left-wing guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN), fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory. Two of the most important international actors that have contributed to the Colombian conflict are multinational companies and the United States.[339][340][341]

    Elements of all the armed groups have been involved in

    drug trafficking. In a country where state capacity has been weak in some regions, the result has been a grinding war on multiple fronts, with the civilian population caught in between and often deliberately targeted for "collaborating". Human rights advocates blame paramilitaries for massacres, "disappearances", and cases of torture and forced displacement. Rebel groups are behind assassinations, kidnapping and extortion.[342]

    In 2011, President Juan Manuel Santos launched the "Borders for Prosperity" plan[343] to fight poverty and combat violence from illegal armed groups along Colombia's borders through social and economic development.[344] The plan received praise from the International Crisis Group.[345] Colombia registered a homicide rate of 24.4 per 100,000 in 2016, the lowest since 1974. The 40-year low in murders came the same year the government signed a peace agreement with the FARC.[346] The murder rate further decreased to 22.6 in 2020, though still among the highest in the world, it decreased 73% from 84 in 1991. In the 1980s and 1990s it regularly ranked as number one.

    Since the beginning of the crisis in Venezuela and the mass emigration of Venezuelans during the Venezuelan refugee crisis, desperate Venezuelans have been recruited into gangs in order to survive by other Venezuelan gang members.[347] Venezuelan women have also resorted to prostitution in order to make a living in Colombia.[347] Also, many Venezuelan prisoners were released from Venezuelan prisons by Maduro. Gang groups from Venezuela have also migrated to Colombia and other countries.

    Urbanization

    Colombia is a highly urbanized country with 77.1% of the population living in urban areas. The largest cities in the country are Bogotá, with 7,387,400 inhabitants, Medellín, with 2,382,399 inhabitants, Cali, with 2,172,527 inhabitants, and Barranquilla, with 1,205,284 inhabitants.[348]

     
     
    Largest cities or towns in Colombia
    According to the 2018 Census[349]
    Rank
    Name
    		 Department Pop. Rank
    Name
    		 Department Pop.
    Bogotá
    Bogotá
    Medellín
    Medellín     		1 Bogotá Distrito Capital 7,387,400 11 Ibagué Tolima 492,554 Cali
    Cali
    2 Medellín Antioquia 2,382,399 12 Villavicencio Meta 492,052
    3 Cali Valle del Cauca 2,172,527 13 Santa Marta Magdalena 455,299
    4 Barranquilla Atlántico 1,205,284 14 Valledupar Cesar 431,794
    5 Cartagena Bolívar 876,885 15 Manizales Caldas 405,234
    6 Cúcuta Norte de Santander 685,445 16 Montería Córdoba 388,499
    7 Soacha Cundinamarca 655,025 17 Pereira Risaralda 385,838
    8 Soledad Atlántico 602,644 18 Neiva Huila 335,994
    9 Bucaramanga Santander 570,752 19 Pasto Nariño 308,095
    10 Bello Antioquia 495,483 20 Armenia Quindío 287,245

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of Colombia
    See also:
    Festivals in Colombia and Colombian folklore

    Colombia lies at the crossroads of

    Latin America and the broader American continent, and as such has been hit by a wide range of cultural influences. Native American, Spanish and other European, African, American, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern influences, as well as other Latin American cultural influences, are all present in Colombia's modern culture. Urban migration, industrialization, globalization, and other political, social and economic changes have also left an impression.[citation needed
    ]

    Many national symbols, both objects and themes, have arisen from Colombia's diverse cultural traditions and aim to represent what Colombia, and the Colombian people, have in common. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture.[350]

    Literature

    Main article: Colombian literature
    The Nobel literature prize winner Gabriel García Márquez[351]

    Colombian literature dates back to pre-Columbian era; a notable example of the period is the epic poem known as the Legend of Yurupary.[352] In Spanish colonial times, notable writers include Juan de Castellanos (Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias), Hernando Domínguez Camargo and his epic poem to San Ignacio de Loyola, Pedro Simón and Juan Rodríguez Freyle.[353]

    Post-independence literature linked to Romanticism highlighted

    Colombian Academy of Language, the first Spanish language academy in the Americas.[361] Candelario Obeso wrote the groundbreaking Cantos Populares de mi Tierra (1877), the first book of poetry by an Afro-Colombian author.[362][363]

    Between 1939 and 1940 seven books of poetry were published under the name

    Prince of Asturias Award for Letters.[367][368]

    Visual arts

    Main article: Colombian art
    Work by the painter and sculptor Fernando Botero
    Colonial painting The Virgin of Chiquinquirá (1562) by Alonso de Narváez.[369][370] She is the Catholic Patroness of Colombia. The original canvas is located in the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá.
    Mural by Santiago Martínez Delgado

    Colombian art has over 3,000 years of history. Colombian artists have captured the country's changing political and cultural backdrop using a range of styles and mediums. There is archeological evidence of ceramics being produced earlier in Colombia than anywhere else in the Americas, dating as early as 3,000 BCE.[371][372]

    The earliest examples of gold craftsmanship have been attributed to the Tumaco people

    anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms out of stone.[372][374]

    Colombian art has followed the trends of the time, so during the 16th to 18th centuries,

    Spanish Catholicism had a huge influence on Colombian art, and the popular baroque style was replaced with rococo when the Bourbons ascended to the Spanish crown.[375][376] During this era, in the Spanish colony, the most important Neogranadine (Colombian) painters were Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos, Gaspar de Figueroa, Baltasar Vargas de Figueroa, Baltasar de Figueroa (the Elder), Antonio Acero de la Cruz and Joaquín Gutiérrez, of which their works are preserved. Also important was Alonso de Narváez who, although born in the Province of Seville, spent most of his life in colonial Colombia, also the Italian Angelino Medoro, lived in Colombia and Peru, and left works of art preserved in several churches in Tunja
    city.

    During the mid-19th century, one of the most remarkable painters was Ramón Torres Méndez, who produced a series of good quality paintings depicting the people and their customs of different Colombian regions. Also noteworthy in the 19th century were Andrés de Santa María, Pedro José Figueroa, Epifanio Garay, Mercedes Delgado Mallarino, José María Espinosa, Ricardo Acevedo Bernal, between many others.

    More recently, Colombian artists

    symbolic and expressionist use of animals, (specially the Andean condor).[372][379][380] Fernando Botero, Omar Rayo, Enrique Grau, Édgar Negret, David Manzur, Rodrigo Arenas Betancourt, Oscar Murillo, Doris Salcedo and Oscar Muñoz are some of the Colombian artists featured at the international level.[371][381][382][383]

    The Colombian sculpture from the sixteenth to 18th centuries was mostly devoted to

    neoclassicist trend.[384] During the 20th century, the Colombian sculpture began to develop a bold and innovative work with the aim of reaching a better understanding of national sensitivity.[372][385]

    Colombian photography was marked by the arrival of the

    Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros was who brought the daguerreotype process to Colombia in 1841. The Piloto public library has Latin America's largest archive of negatives, containing 1.7 million antique photographs covering Colombia 1848 until 2005.[386][387]

    The Colombian press has promoted the work of the

    independent publishers have been fundamental to the growth of the comic in Colombia.[388][389][390]

    Architecture

    Main article: Architecture of Colombia
    See also: Muisca architecture

    Throughout the times, there have been a variety of architectural styles, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles.[391]

    Colonial balconies in the streets of Cartagena
    Colonial Popayán main plaza, Cauca Department
    Colonial Villa de Leyva, Boyacá Department

    Ancient habitation areas, longhouses,

    stone, wood, cane, and mud.[396]
    Architecture during the period of conquest and colonization is mainly derived of adapting
    neo-classical architecture.[400]

    The

    volumetric conception are some of the best examples of the Republican architecture; the Republican action in the city focused on the design of three types of spaces: parks with forests, small urban parks and avenues and the Gothic style was most commonly used for the design of churches.[405]

    Deco style,

    Modernism contributed with new construction technologies and new materials (steel, reinforced concrete, glass and synthetic materials) and the topology architecture and lightened slabs system also have a great influence.[407] The most influential architects of the modern movement were Rogelio Salmona and Fernando Martínez Sanabria.[408]

    The

    conservation of the architectural and urban heritage of Colombia has been promoted in recent years.[410]

    Music

    Main article: Music of Colombia

    Colombia has a vibrant collage of talent that touches a full spectrum of

    gaita flutes and percussion instruments from the indigenous population, while its percussion structure and dance forms come from Africa. Colombia has a diverse and dynamic musical environment.[412]

    Regions of Colombia by their traditional music

    Guillermo Uribe Holguín, an important cultural figure in the National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia, Luis Antonio Calvo and Blas Emilio Atehortúa are some of the greatest exponents of the art music.[413] The Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the most active orchestras in Colombia.[414]

    Caribbean music has many vibrant rhythms, such as cumbia (it is played by the maracas, the drums, the gaitas and guacharaca), porro (it is a monotonous but joyful rhythm), mapalé (with its fast rhythm and constant clapping) and the "vallenato", which originated in the northern part of the Caribbean coast (the rhythm is mainly played by the caja, the guacharaca, and accordion).[415][416][417][418][419]

    The music from the

    side drum, and the cuatro guasas or tubular rattle). An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes).[415][420][421] Marimba music, traditional chants and dances from the Colombia South Pacific region are on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[422][423][424]

    Jorge Celedón of the Binomio de Oro de América band. The Vallenato, along with Cumbia, are the two most popular Colombian folk music genres heard in Latin America.

    Important musical rhythms of the

    Andean Region are the danza (dance of Andean folklore arising from the transformation of the European contredance), the bambuco (it is played with guitar, tiple[425] and mandolin, the rhythm is danced by couples), the pasillo (a rhythm inspired by the Austrian waltz and the Colombian "danza", the lyrics have been composed by well-known poets), the guabina (the tiple, the bandola and the requinto are the basic instruments), the sanjuanero (it originated in Tolima and Huila Departments, the rhythm is joyful and fast).[426][427][428][429][430] Apart from these traditional rhythms, salsa music has spread throughout the country, and the city of Cali is considered by many salsa singers to be 'The New Salsa Capital of the World'.[415][431][432]

    The instruments that distinguish the music of the

    galeron (it is heard a lot while cowboys are working).[415][433][434][435]

    The music of the Amazon region is strongly influenced by the indigenous religious practices. Some of the musical instruments used are the manguaré (a musical instrument of

    ceremonial type, consisting of a pair of large cylindrical drums), the quena (melodic instrument), the rondador, the congas, bells, and different types of flutes.[436][437][438]

    The music of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina is usually accompanied by a mandolin, a tub-bass, a jawbone, a guitar and maracas. Some popular archipelago rhythms are the Schottische, the Calypso, the Polka and the Mento.[439][440]

    Main articles:
    Media of Colombia
    The Cartagena Film Festival is the oldest cinema event in Latin America. The central focus is on films from Ibero-America.[441]

    Theater was introduced in Colombia during the Spanish colonization in 1550 through zarzuela companies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of Culture and a number of private and state owned organizations. The Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá is the cultural event of the highest importance in Colombia and one of the biggest theater festivals in the world.[442] Other important theater events are: The Festival of Puppet The Fanfare (Medellín), The Manizales Theater Festival, The Caribbean Theatre Festival (Santa Marta) and The Art Festival of Popular Culture "Cultural Invasion" (Bogotá).[443][444][445]

    Although the Colombian cinema is young as an industry, more recently the film industry was growing with support from the Film Act passed in 2003.[446] Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the Cartagena Film Festival, which is the oldest film festival in Latin America, and the Bogotá Film Festival.[441][447][448]

    Some important national circulation newspapers are

    RCN and Caracol are the highest-rated. The regional channels and regional newspapers cover a department or more and its content is made in these particular areas.[449][450][451]

    Colombia has three major national

    Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications.[452]

    Cuisine

    Main article: Colombian cuisine
    Bandeja paisa (top) and Ajiaco (bottom) are two of the most traditional plates in the country.

    Colombia's varied cuisine is influenced by its diverse fauna and flora as well as the cultural traditions of the ethnic groups. Colombian dishes and ingredients vary widely by region. Some of the most common ingredients are: cereals such as rice and maize; tubers such as potato and

    passionfruit.[455] Colombia is one of the world's largest consumers of fruit juices.[456]

    Among the most representative appetizers and soups are

    hard-boiled egg) and arroz con coco (coconut rice).[455][453] Organic food is a current trend in big cities, although in general across the country the fruits and veggies are very natural and fresh.[457][458]

    Representative desserts are

    curuba. Typical sauces (salsas) are hogao (tomato and onion sauce) and Colombian-style ají.[455][453]

    Some representative beverages are

    avena colombiana, sugarcane juice, aguapanela, aguardiente, hot chocolate and fresh fruit juices (often made with water or milk).[455][453]

    Sports

    Main article: Sport in Colombia
    Mariana Pajón is a Colombian cyclist, two-time Olympic gold medalist and BMX World Champion.

    mover of the year" twice.[460]

    Colombia is a hub for roller skaters. The national team is a perennial powerhouse at the World Roller Speed Skating Championships.[461] Colombia has traditionally been very good in cycling and a large number of Colombian cyclists have triumphed in major competitions of cycling.[462]

    Baseball is popular in cities like Cartagena and Barranquilla. Of those cities have come good players like: Orlando Cabrera, Édgar Rentería, who was champion of the World Series in 1997 and 2010[463] and others who have played in Major League Baseball. Colombia was world amateur champion in 1947 and 1965.[464]

    Boxing is one of the sports that has produced more world champions for Colombia.[465][466] Motorsports also occupies an important place in the sporting preferences of Colombians; Juan Pablo Montoya is a race car driver known for winning 7 Formula One events. Colombia also has excelled in sports such as BMX, judo, shooting sport, taekwondo, wrestling, high diving and athletics, also has a long tradition in weightlifting and bowling.[467][468][469]

    See also

    Notes

    1. Germans, French, other Europeans, Arabs and Jews
    2. ^ /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ⓘ kə-LUM-bee-ə, /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM-;[14] Spanish: [koˈlombja] ⓘ
    3. ^ Spanish: República de Colombiaⓘ. IPA transcription of "República de Colombia": Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja].
    4. ^ Balboa is best known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, which he called Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South") and would facilitate Spanish exploration and settlement of South America.
    5. Benkos Biohó, who was born in West Africa.[75]
    6. Jesuit priest in 1616. Claver cared for African slaves for thirty-eight years, defending their lives and the dignity.[76][77]
    7. ^ Héctor Abad was a prominent medical doctor, university professor, and human rights leader whose holistic vision of healthcare led him to found the Colombian National School of Public Health. The increasing violence and human rights abuses of the 1970s and 1980s led him to fight for social justice in his community.[134][135]
    8. Salesian priest who grew up in war-torn Italy and arrived in Colombia a year after the Bogotazo. He developed a program that has offered more than 40,000 young people the education and moral support they needed to become productive citizens.[136]

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    General information

    Government

    Culture

    Geography

    4°N 72°W / 4°N 72°W / 4; -72

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