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Definition
Dengue fever is a disease spread by mosquitos and is found in India.[1]
Onset of illness
It causes symptoms similar to the flu, with some key differences. The characteristic sign that someone has been infected by dengue, is a
Blanching of rash
Another classic sign, is that if handpressure is applied to the skin, an imprint will be seen for a couple of seconds after it's taken away. The technical term for this, is blanching of the skin with pressure.
Symptoms
There are some other, less specific symptoms, that dengue fever causes including a high fever, headaches, vomiting, and intense muscle and joint pains. In fact, the joint pain is so pronounced with dengue, that its alternative name is "breakbone fever".[3][4]
Recovery
This graph illustrates time running to the right with tick marks for days, and a rising line means more severe symptoms. Recovery from dengue, as illustrated here, generally takes two to seven days, [1] and it is associated with a full body red rash that has small pale areas. This characteristic appearance is described as white islands in a sea of red.
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Severe dengue
However, not everyone has a simple recovery from dengue. In contrast to the majority now depicted as a dashed line, a small proportion of people will have worse symptoms, rather than getting better three to six days after they first get sick. This is called severe dengue, or sometimes dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Severe dengue symptoms
The signs of severe dengue are bleeding gums, worsening abdominal pain, uncontrollable vomiting, or liver enlargement. But most importantly, the person becomes more ill, rather than better, three to six days after the rash first develops. [5]
Dengue shock syndrome
Severe dengue is notable because in roughly 5% of cases[6], it can lead to dengue shock syndrome. Dengue shock causes a drop in the levels of blood platelets, which normally help stop bleeding.
Dengue shock hospital
The bleeding can be severe, and life-threatening, if it causes the blood pressure to drop, and critical body systems to fail. Dengue shock also requires immediate attention from medical professionals and hospitalization. [1][2]
Causes
Dengue is a
Spread
The Dengue virus is spread by several species of female mosquitoes, of the Aedes type.[2][1] The fact that mosquitoes are the vector for the virus means that the disease is much more common in warmer climates, and below an elevation of 1000m (or 3000 feet). [11] [12]
Global warming
It also means that, the disease is more likely to be spread in the early morning and evening hours when mosquito's are more active. However all of this could change with global warming, shown here in a global animation of regional temperature over the years, with redder or warmer colors indicating higher temperatures. Recent research indicates that there could be a large jump in the number of dengue cases as mosquito populations expand to more northern climates as they get warmer. [13]
Immunity
Since Dengue fever can be caused by five different variations of the virus, immunity is complex. Infection with one type, usually gives lifelong
No immunity
However, infection with one type of the virus, provides only short-term immunity to the others,[1] and subsequent infections, with a different type of the virus, increases the risk of severe complications.[1]
Repeated infections
A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis, including detecting
Prevention
A
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Remove standing water
Other methods of prevention, include either removing or covering standing water to reduce the mosquito habitat,
Prevent mosquito bites
and using mosquito nets, especially when sleeping, to limit the risk of bites.[1]
Treatment
Treatment of mild or moderate dengue is supportive, and includes giving fluid either by mouth, or through an intravenous line. [2]
Management of fever
For fever reduction and pain relief, paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is recommended instead of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (like ibuprofen and aspirin), to minimize the risk of bleeding.[2][16]
Severe dengue treatment
Each year about half a million people require hospital admission for dengue related illnesses and blood transfusion.[2] [1]
Epidemiology
Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries mainly in Asia and South America.[6][17]
Global burden
Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected, and between 10,000-20,000 die from it.[18][19][3][20]
History
The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from the year 1779.[17] Its viral cause and spread, were understood by the early 20th century.[21]
Current efforts
Dengue fever is classified as a
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References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Dengue and severe dengue Fact sheet N°117". WHO. May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
- ^ S2CID 1680504.
- ^ PMID 20616106.
- S2CID 2452280.
- PMID 22494122.
- ^ S2CID 10135251.
- PMID 24159024.
- PMID 25609867.
- S2CID 42267698.
- S2CID 205949828.
- ISBN 978-92-4-154787-1.
- ^ "Travelers' Health Outbreak Notice". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- PMID 31182801.
- ^ East, Susie (6 April 2016). "World's first dengue fever vaccine launched in the Philippines". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ^ "Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper – September 2018" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 36 (93): 457–476. 7 September 2018.
- ^ "Dengue". United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Use acetaminophen. Do not take pain relievers that contain aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil), it may lead to a greater tendency to bleed.
- ^ from the original on 5 January 2011.
- PMID 23563266.
- PMID 26223700.)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link - PMID 26874619.
- from the original on 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Neglected Tropical Diseases". cdc.gov. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- PMID 20060421.
- WHO (2009). Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154787-1.