User:RandomInfinity17/sandbox

Historic Storms

The most intense extratropical cyclone on record was a cyclone in the Southern Ocean in October 2022. An analysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts estimated a pressure of 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) and a subsequent analysis published in Geophysical Research Letters estimated a pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg).^[1][2] The same Geophysical Research Letters article notes at least five other extratropical cyclones in the Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg).^[2]

In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical cyclone was the Braer Storm, which reached a pressure of 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) in early January 1993.^[3] Before the Braer Storm, an extratropical cyclone near Greenland in December 1986 reached a minimum pressure of at least 916 mbar (27.0 inHg). The West German Meteorological Service marked a pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), with the possibility of a pressure between 912–913 mbar (26.9–27.0 inHg), lower than the Braer Storm.^[4]

The most intense extratropical cyclone across the North Pacific Ocean occurred in November 2014, when a cyclone partially related to Typhoon Nuri reached a record low pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg).^[5][6] In October 2021, the most intense Pacific Northwest windstorm occurred off the coast of Oregon, peaking with a pressure of 942 mbar (27.8 inHg).^[7] One of the strongest nor'easters occurred in January 2018, in which a cyclone reached a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg).^[8]

Extratropical cyclones have been responsible for some of the most damaging floods in European history. The Great storm of 1703 killed over 8,000 people and the North Sea flood of 1953 killed over 2,500 and destroyed 3,000 houses.^[9][10] In 2002, floods in Europe caused by two genoa lows caused $27.115 billion in damages and 232 fatalities, the most damaging flood in European since at least 1985.^[11][12] In late December 1999, Cyclones Lothar and Martin caused 140 deaths combined and over $23 billion in damages in Central Europe, the costliest European windstorms in history.^[13][14]

In October 2012,

In December 1960 a nor'easter caused at least 286 deaths in the Northeastern United States, one of the deadliest nor'easters on record.^[24] 62 years later in 2022, a winter storm caused over $8.5 billion in damages and nearly 90 deaths across the United States and Canada.^[25]

In September 1954, the extratropical remnants of

• October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone – Most intense EX on record Y
  • Other extremely strong Southern Ocean EXs Y

European windstorm

• Braer Storm – Most intense in the Northern Hemisphere Y
• December 1986 Greenland cyclone – Most intense in the Northern Hemisphere before the Braer StormY

North America cyclone

• November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone – Most intense in the North PacificY
• October 2021 Northeast Pacific bomb cyclone – Strongest Pacific Northwest windstormY
• Nor'easters
  Y

For Impacts

European windstorm

• Great storm of 1703 – 8,000+ deaths in Western EuropeY
• North Sea flood of 1953 – 2,500 deaths in the NetherlandsY
• Storms Hanne and Ilse – 232 deaths and €27.7 billion in damages in Eastern EuropeY
• Cyclone Lothar and Cyclone Martin – Costliest European windstormsY

North America cyclone

• Hurricane Sandy – Most destructive in American historyY
• April 2011, April 1974 and April 1965 North America cyclones – Most violent and damaging tornado outbreaksY
• Great Blizzard of 1888, Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 and 1993 Storm of the Century – ~400 deaths eachY
• December 1960 nor'easter – Deadliest nor'easterY
• December 2022 North American winter storm – $8.5 billion in damagesY

Elsewhere

• July 2016 North China cyclone – $5 billion in damagesY
• Typhoon Marie (1954) – Responsible for the sinking of the Tōya Maru, over 1,000 deadY

For Meteorology

• November 1854 Crimean War cycloneN
• October 1984 Vancouver Island cycloneN