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Veitel Heine Ephraim, 1703 – 16 May 1775 in Berlin) was a jeweller to the
Life
Veitel Ephraim was the fifth child of Altona-born jeweller, and elder of the Jewish Community Nathan Veitel Ephraim (1658-1748), who moved from Hamburg (Altona) to Berlin? His mother came from Vienna. The Ephraim family lived in Spandauer Straße 30, opposite of the townhall. Around 1744/1745 Ephraim became court jeweller of
Mint activities
After
In February 1756 it became clear that Gumpertz produced Polish tympfen - more profitable than other coins - for Poland. Zelfs de post werkte mee; de zakken werden niet geopend.
Da der König sich noch vor dem "schlechten und infamen Gelde" scheute, wurde auf den Rat des Generalintendanten Retzow, der seit dem Mai 1756 allen Münzstätten vorstand, beschlossen, daß das neue Geld in Preußen selbst nicht kursieren dürfte.[18]
At the beginning of the
Although their competitors in the silver supply, Moses Hertz Gumpertz, Daniel Itzig and his brother-in-law Moses Isaac, passionately endeavoured the lease for themselves to win, and to bring the victorious party by ugly intrigues for the favour of the King and the mint officials.[22]
"In order to be able to pay the extraordinarily high seignorage of 340,000 thalers a year desired by the king, the entrepreneurs were compelled, at the great risk they received, to stamp out a very high number of minor coins [for Poland], and that for a worse than the usual coin standard of 14 Taler on the fine
In May 1757 Ephraim & Sons got the licence to mint Austrian coins to pay the Prussian Army in Bohemia; the plan was cancelled after the loss of the
From June 1757 when Ephraim was appointed Münzmeister in Dresden, inferior money was minted. Ephraim decided to move the machines to Leipzig, where Ephraim & Sons had the free hand.[26] When Kleve was occupied by the French army in 1757, the coinage activities were continued in Magdeburg, Königsberg and Berlin.[27] Itzig and Gumpertz were banned from Saxony.
Gumpertz complained about Ephraim's activities in Dresden, producing debased coins for Prussia. Then Gumpertz was appointed in Dresden. Early 1758 Ephraim was arrested and put in prison (Pleissenburg, outside Leipzig) for a while.[28] Ephraim paid 30.000 Thaler for his release. Moses Isaac negotiated with the British government and bankers on Frederick's behalf about subsidies in gold and silver for the Prussian war effort (and of course the mints).[29] Ephraim himself was almost captured by the Russians in Berlin. Victor Frederick, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg and Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann started to compete in Schwerin with the Jewish entrepreneurs in Prussia and Saxony.[30]
1758 wurde eine Fiktive Briefsammlung „Der gerechtfertigte Ephraim. Oder, Historische und beurtheilende Nachrichten über den vergangenen, gegenwärtigen und künftigen Zustand des Sächsischen Finanz-Wesens : Nebst einer Vergleichung der Preußischen und Sächsischen Oeconomie … durch den Juden Ephraim zu Berlin an seinen Vetter Manasses in Amsterdam“ von Jean-Henri Maubert de Gouvest publiziert.[31]
After the death of Gumpertz at the end of 1758 Ephraim reconciled himself with Moses Isaak and Daniel Itzig and joined them to form a new law firm, Ephraim & Co.[32]
At the end of 1758 Ephraim & Co were allowed not only in Saxony but also in Prussia to introduce the 193⁄4 Talerfuß for all Prussian, and 30 Talerfuß for Saxon and Polish varieties, that is to stamp on the fine mark silver 53⁄4 Taler more than before and the content of the gold coin, Friedrichsdor's, to reduce by 41%, a reduction that could be achieved only by a corresponding mixing with copper.[33][34] Om te verhinderen dat goud werd uitgevoerd, verordonneerde Friedrich dat de betalingen aan de Koninklijke kassen moesten geschieden in Friedrich d'or, die evenwel niet genoeg voorhanden waren.[35] Het gebruik van "Scheidemünzen" bij het afsluiten van wisselcontracten was verboden.
All six Prussian and two Saxon mints were from February 1759 leased to one Jewish consortium, who had to pay the king a high
In August 1759, Dresden was reconquered by the Austrians, and the local mint, led by Ephraim, ceased to exist. Ephraim and his son Benjamin Veitel Ephraim fled to Hamburg and Kopenhagen. An arrest warrant was issued against Ephraim in Hamburg, but he was able to avoid this by invoking the Danish citizenship of his parents.[40]
We are poorly informed of the results of the monetary policy of 1759, since almost all the acts relating to them in Leipzig have been destroyed, and moreover, most of the correspondence has been in the ciphered script. We only hear that this year's seignorage is said to have amounted to the sum of 5,650,000 Prussian thalers.[41] Ephraim was permitted to mint coins at 30-Talerfuß.[42]
{{quote|Veitel Ephraim übergebene Prägung 1759 6,5 Millionen Taler gebracht hatte, wurden von Februar bis November 1760 aus der gleichen Menge Gold nicht weniger als 9 Millionen noch minderwertigere Taler ausgeprägt, die - an die königliche Kasse abgeführt - von ihr vorwiegend als angeblich polnisches Geld in Umlauf gesetzt wurden.[citation needed]
On January 2, 1760, Itzig and Ephraim & Sons requested a ban on the transit of bad currencies and the export of good coins. Moses Isaac abandoned cooperation with Ephraim and Itzig, and settled in Bernburg in early 1760.[43] According to Schrötter the coins from Bernburg - is it Harzgerode? - were used to buy silver in Amsterdam and Hamburg.[44]
In May 1760, Ephraim and Itzig requested a ban on the import and transit of non-Prussian or non-Saxon coins. Frederick ordered that the jewish entrepreneurs were allowed to collect "good" coins, minted before 1/1/1759 (which meant the end of 14-Talerfuss).[45][46] In June 1760 Itzig and Ephraim hoped that the use of Saxon coins would remain in use with the allied armies in Minden, where there was a shortage.[47] During the Summer a new mint facility in Berlin was opened.[48]
General
From Rachel and Wallich it is clear that late 1760 is a turning point in the Ephraimiten story.[citation needed] Is it because on 28 October also debased Saxon and Bernburger coins were accepted in Prussia to pay off the Russian occupation?[51] The entrepreneurs' negotiations with Friedrich in late 1760 are very intense, but after the Battle of Torgau, they finally agree to three contracts, none of which have survived, unfortunately. Ephraim himself was almost captured by the Russians in Berlin. Maybe Ephraim decides that Friedrich will win?
Es scheint, als haben Ephraim und Co. mit den Anhalt-Bernburger Münzen ihren Grössten Coup gelandet und selbst Friedrich an der Nase herumgeführt.[52]
In 1761 single and double Saxon August d'ors were minted under constant deterioration of the gold content. As a reward Ephraim and Itzig received the rights of Christian merchants on March 9, 1761.[53]
The percentage of copper in newly minted coins has been secretly increased by Itzig and Ephraim (from 193⁄4 to 30-Talerfuß. By 1761, coin tenants were said to have raised 50 million gold from the eastern states and used it for the royal coin. Another way to raise money was to remelt gold subsidies received from England and to double and triple them by mixing them with other metals.[54]
On 18 November the (foreign) debased coins, like Mecklenburger, Stralsunder,
The misery of Ephraim & Sons became so great that they "so modestly" acquired their property in such a laborious, dangerous, but honest, and honourable manner, that they offered Frederick 200,000 talers when he dispensed them from the Mint enterprise.[58]
In March 1761 Ephraim made plans to settle in Berlin.
In February 1762 he leased the gold- and silver manufacture in Berlin.[66] In 1761 he bought a garden on Schiffbauerdamm, where the silver smeltery was located? Then he provided jobs for 1000 or 1,500 people.
In May 1762, Ephraim and Itzig urgently requested permission to melt coinage on a 40-Talerfuß.[69]. In 1762 Ephraim was the first Jew to buy land in Berlin. Acquisition in Berlin of the gold and silver manufactory of the Potsdam orphanage, and produced gold and wire drawing, a blond factory for silk lace, a factory for Muslin.
When the Russians had withdrawn from East Prussia, Ephraim wanted to travel to Königsberg. The mint masters asked permission to buy high-value money in Western- and Eastern Pomerania.[70] Only 1761 and 1762 debased money with the correct year appeared. The smeltery in Heemstede was only set up by him after the purchase in May 1762, when the Mecklenburg Notgeld was also offered by Ephraim & Sons to be melted down.[71]
The closure of the operated by the King of Denmark coin to Rethwisch, he reached with the help of 250,000 thalers.[72]
On December 7, 1762, the last major contract with Ephraim and Itzig was completed.[73] Besides Ephraim succeeded to deactivate the mints in Sondershausen, Anhalt-Bernburg, Schwerin, Quedlinburg, Holstein-Plön.[74] Was it in June, August or December that Ephraim managed to get hold of the Holsteiner mint in Rethwisch? [75]
After the Peace of Hubertusburg
On 1 June 1763, the exchange should be completed and only Prussian money was still allowed. Ephraim asked permission to assign the remelted silver from the inferior coins to the Prussian mints.[76]
On July 23, 1763, Benjamin Veitel Ephraim received permission in Berlin to melt silver so that it would no longer have to be carried out at great expense. A few days later, he suggested that others could also supply the silver.[77]
Marcus Ephraim, the brother of Veitel Ephraim, would also belong to the bankrupt.[78]
On Wednesday, 3 August, the bankruptcy of De Neufville was a fact; also eleven other Amsterdam firms, such as Anthony Grill and J.M. Ephraim announced their bankruptcy on that day.[79]
Itzig and Ephraim made a request to the king for support with an amount of three million Thaler to get out of trouble.[80]
Itzig and Ephraim refused to invest so much money in Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky's businesses.[81] Itzig and Ephraim said that the bankruptcy of Gotzkowsky was inevitable.
Op 16 augustus hebben de Münzjuden uit Berlijn voor drie miljoen daalder baren zilver naar Hamburg verstuurd [59. J.G. van Dillen (1922) De beurscrisis te Amsterdam in 1763. In: Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis, ISSN 0040-7518, vol. 37 (1922), pag. 241-253] om daarmee een deel van de problemen, het betalen van wisselbrieven, op te lossen.[82]
On 28 January 1764, Frederick the Great Itzig and Ephraim ordered that they invest the great assets they had earned in the Prussian economy.[83]
29 maart 1764 herintroducering van de Graumannische muntvoet. Ephraim kocht Wilhelmplatz 1 in Berlijn.
Ephraim left a fortune when he died;[84] he is buried at the Jüdischer Friedhof (Berlin-Mitte).
His son, Benjamin Veitel Ephraim (1742-1811) fell out of favour with the Prussian government and died poor.
References
- ^ H.B. van der Linden (2013) Veitel Heine Ephraim. Hofjude Friedrichs II. p. 15
- ^ The Berlin Jewish Community: Enlightenment, Family and Crisis, 1770-1830 by Steven M. Lowenstein, p. 26
- ^ Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 by Christopher Clark
- ^ How Jews Became Germans: The History of Conversion and Assimilation in Berlin by Deborah Hertz
- ^ (PDF) Prekäre Güter: Hofjuden als Heeres- und Münzlieferanten in der Frühen Neuzeit. [accessed Jul 04 2018].
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 162-163
- ^ Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f. [Online-Version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd135910331.html#ndbcontent
- ^ Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f. [Online-Version]; URL: https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd135910331.html#ndbcontent
- ^ Annalen der Juden in den preußischen Staaten besonders in der Mark Brandenburg, p. 285 von Anton Balthasar König
- ^ F. von Schrötter (1908), p. 221, 476
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) p. ?
- ^ Schrötter 1908, page 52
- ^ Schrötter (1908) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 131
- ^ Schrötter, Band III, p. 5
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 248
- ^ Schrötter, Friedrich Freiherr von. 1910. Das Preussische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert, Münzgeschichtlicher Theil, p. 239-246. Dritter Band: Das Geld des siebenjährigen Krieges und die Münzreform nach dem Frieden, 1755-1765. Berlin: Verlag von Paul Parey.
- ^ Schrötter 1910, p. 239-246; Stern 1971, p. 237
- ^ S. Stern, p. 239; Schrötter, p. 35
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 133
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 132, 134, 135; S. Stern, p. 239
- ^ Schrötter, Band III, p. 33
- ^ S. Stern, p. 233-234
- ^ S. Stern, p. 238-239
- ^ Schrötter, p. 36
- ^ Schrötter, p. 36-37
- ^ Schrötter, p. 41
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 134
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 136
- ^ The Making of Western Jewry, 1600-1819 von L. Kochan, p. 209
- ^ Kunzel p. 167
- ^ Der gerechtfertigte Ephraim, oder, Historische und beurtheilende Nachrichten …
- ^ S. Stern, p. 241; F. von Schrötter Band III, p. 11
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 136
- ^ Schrötter, p. 46, 48
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 102-103
- ^ F. von Schrötter, Band III, p. 16
- ^ E.E. de Jong-Keesing (1939), p. 47
- ^ Friedrich II. ordered that the old and new Louis d'or had to be changed (stamped) into Friedrich d'or in Aurich. The coins could be used by the Prussian East India Company in Asia where it was worth 20% more.
- ^ The Making of Western Jewry, 1600-1819 von L. Kochan, p. 208-209
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 151
- ^ S. Stern, p. 241; F. von Schrötter, p. 48
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 136
- ^ S. Stern, p. 317-318
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 85
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 118-119
- ^ S. Stern, p. 319-321
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 118-119
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 139; Schrötter, p. 119
- ^ J.E. Gotzkowsky, p. 36
- ^ Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen ..., p. 128. Band 2 von Ferdinand Meyer p. 137
- ^ Die Lebensgeschichte des grossen Königs Friedrich von Preussen ... von Johann David Erdmann Preuss p. 412
- ^ B. Kluge (2013) Für das Überleben des Staates, p. 141-142
- ^ Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f.
- ^ G. Steiner (1994) Drei preussische Könige und ein Jude. Erkundungen über Benjamin Veitel Ephraim und seine Welt, p. 35
- ^ N. Schepkowski, p. 267
- ^ Gotzkowsky, p. 113
- ^ Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen ..., Band 2 by Ferdinand Meyer
- ^ S. Stern, p. 247
- ^ F. von Schrötter, p. 50
- ^ He bought a plot with a windmill.Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen ..., p. 128. Band 2 von Ferdinand Meyer
- ^ Ausführliche Beschreibung von dem Silber- und Kupfer Schmeltz-werk, von denen Ofen … aufgericht zu Muiden beij Amsterdam, Eigenthümer davon der Herr B.V. Ephraim, mit accuraten und vollständigen Rissen versehen durch Johann Heinrich Müntz, Archit. und Metallurg (1769-1770), p. ?; W.M. Zappey (1982) Porselein en zilvergeld in Weesp, p. 198.[]
- ^ S. Stern, p. 250
- ^ W.O. Henderson, p. 47
- ^ Die Stiftungen der preussisch-jüdischen Hofjuweliersfamilie Ephraim und ihre ... herausgegeben von Karl-Erich Grözinger, p. 17
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 135
- ^ Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen ..., p. 128. Band 2 von Ferdinand Meyer p. 121
- ^ Berlin und Potsdam: eine vollständige Darstellung der merkwürdigsten ..., Band 2 von Johann Daniel Friedrich Rumpf
- ^ Berühmte Männer Berlins und ihre Wohnstätten: Friedrichs des Großen ..., p. 131. Band 2 von Ferdinand Meyer
- ^ B. Kluge, p. 136
- ^ S. Stern, p. 377-378
- ^ K. Schneider (1983), p. 79-80, 81-82.
- ^ http://archive.is/QA6mN
- ^ Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f.
- ^ Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f.
- ^ K. Schneider (1983) Zum Geldhandel in Hamburg während des Siebenjährigen Krieges, p. 69
- ^ S. Stern, p. 380
- ^ Gerhard Steiner: Drei preußische Könige und ein Jude. Erkundungen über Benjamin Veitel Ephraim und seine Welt, p. 27. Edition Hentrich, 1994
- ^ H. Rachel & P. Wallich, p. 450; N. Schepkowski, p. 305; E.E. de Jong-Keesing, p. 152
- ^ E.E. de Jong-Keesing, p. 94
- ^ H. Rachel & P. Wallich, p. 454; E.E. de Jong-Keesing, p. 210-211
- ^ E.E. de Jong-Keesing, p. 211; W.O. Henderson, p. 52.[1]
- ^ Rachel & Wallich 1967, p. 456
- ^ S. Stern, p. 199
- ^ W.O. Henderson, p. 42
Sources
- Henderson, W.O. (1963) Studies in the Economic Policy of Frederick the Great. [2]
- Jong-Keesing, E.E. de (1939) De economische crisis van 1763 te Amsterdam.[3]
- Rachel, H. & P. Wallich (1938) Berliner Großkaufleute und Kapitalisten. Band II: Die Zeit des Merkantilismus 1648–1806.
- K. Schneider (1983) Zum Geldhandel in Hamburg während des Siebenjährigen Krieges. In: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte Hamburg: Verl. Verein für Hamburgische Geschichte, Vol. 69
- Schrötter, Friedrich Freiherr von (1910) Das Preussische Münzwesen im 18. Jahrhundert..
- Steiner, G. (1994) Drei preußische Könige und ein Jude. Erkundungen über Benjamin Veitel Ephraim und seine Welt, p. 27. Edition Hentrich.
- Stern, S. (1962) Der preußische Staat und die Juden. Mohr, Tübingen.
External links
- "Ephraim, Veitel Heine." Encyclopaedia Judaica. Retrieved July 03, 2018 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ephraim-veitel-heine
- Schnee, Heinrich, "Ephraim, Veitel" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 4 (1959), S. 546 f. [Online-Version]; URL: [4]