Vinpocetine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Vinpocetine
Clinical data
Trade namesCavinton[1], others
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Pregnancy
category
  • Not recommended[2]
Routes of
administration		Oral, intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability56.6 ± 8.9%
Metabolismhepatic
Elimination half-life2.54 ± 0.48 hours
Excretionrenal
Identifiers
  • (3α,16α)-Eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
JSmol)
SMILES
  • O=C(OCC)C=4n1c3c(c2ccccc12)CCN5[C@H]3[C@](C=4)(CCC5)CC
  • InChI=1S/C22H26N2O2/c1-3-22-11-7-12-23-13-10-16-15-8-5-6-9-17(15)24(19(16)20(22)23)18(14-22)21(25)26-4-2/h5-6,8-9,14,20H,3-4,7,10-13H2,1-2H3/t20-,22+/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:DDNCQMVWWZOMLN-IRLDBZIGSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate), sold under the brand name Cavinton

hydroxyl group and by being the ethyl rather than the methyl ester of the underlying carboxylic acid. Vincamine is extracted from either the seeds of Voacanga africana or the leaves of Vinca minor
(lesser periwinkle).

Medical uses

Vinpocetine has been used in many Asian and European countries for treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and dementia for over three decades.[4]

The

nootropics.[9][10][11][12]

Vinpocetine does not fully support a benefit in either dementia or stroke.[13][10][14] As of 2003, three controlled clinical trials had tested "older adults with memory problems".[15]

Vinpocetine has also been studied for the prevention and recovery of acquired hearing loss in a phase II, longitudinal and prospective open clinical study on humans.[16]

Side effects

Use during pregnancy may harm the baby or result in miscarriage.[2]

Adverse effects of vinpocetine include flushing, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, transient hypo- and hyper-tension, headaches, heartburn, and decreased blood pressure.[9][17] FDA issued a statement in 2019 warning that "vinpocetine may cause a miscarriage or harm fetal development".[18]

Mechanism of action

Vinpocetine’s

DOPAC, a metabolic breakdown product of dopamine, in isolated striatal nerve endings of rats.[22]

Dietary supplement

The inclusion of vinpocetine in

dietary supplements in the U.S. has come under scrutiny due to the lack of defined dosage parameters, unproven short- and long-term benefits, and risks to human health.[23] In the U.S., vinpocetine supplements are marketed as sports supplements, brain enhancers, and weight loss supplements.[10]

A 2015 analysis of 23 brands of vinpocetine dietary supplements sold at

Vitamin Shoppe retail stores reported widespread labeling errors.[5] Only 6 of the 23 supplement labels (26%) provided consumers with accurate dosages of vinpocetine (ranging from 0.3 to 32 mg per recommended daily serving), while 6 of 23 (26%) contained no vinpocetine at all, despite their labels claiming that the ingredient was in them.[10][9] In total, 9 of the 23 products tested were mislabeled, and 17 of 23 (74%) did not provide any information on the quantity of vinpocetine.[9]

In response to the study, then-senator

Senate Special Committee on Aging, urged the FDA to suspend sales of vinpocetine supplements and asked 10 retailers to voluntarily stop selling vinpocetine products. McCaskill stated: "The way we regulate these supplements isn’t working—and it’s putting the lives and well-being of consumers at risk. We’ve seen products with false labels, tainted ingredients, wildly illegal claims, and, now, products containing synthesized ingredients that are classified as prescription drugs in other countries."[12]

Lawsuits

Procera AVH is a dietary supplement containing undisclosed amounts of vinpocetine in combination with

acetyl-l-carnitine.[24][25] In 2012, manufacturer Brain Research Labs (BRL) agreed to pay $500,000 to settle a class action lawsuit which alleged that the company had falsely marketed Procera AVH as capable of improving brain function, in violation of the Consumer Fraud Act.[26]

In July 2015, the

U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that marketing claims for Procera AVH, which promoted the product as a “solution” to memory loss and cognitive decline, were false, misleading, unsubstantiated, and in violation of the FTC Act.[26][11][27][28] BRL and its affiliated companies Brain Power Partners, Brain Power Founders, and MedHealth Direct (all based in Laguna Beach, California) were fined $91 million. KeyView Labs, the Tampa, Florida-based company that purchased BRL in 2012, was fined $61 million.[26][27][11][28] Also named in the FTC complaint were George Reynolds (aka Josh Reynolds), founder and chief science officer of BRL, and John Arnold, the sole officer and employee of MedHealth. The FTC complaint charged Reynolds with making deceptive expert endorsements for Procera AVH.[24][26][27][11][28] The defendants in the case ultimately agreed to pay $1.4 million to settle the allegations of deceptive advertising brought by the FTC and California law enforcement officials. In addition, a permanent injunction barred the defendants from making similar deceptive claims about Procera AVH in the future and from misrepresenting the existence, results, or conclusions of any scientific study.[27][11]

References

  1. ^ a b "Cavinton Tablet". MedEx.
  2. ^ a b Office of the Commissioner (3 June 2019). "Statement on warning for women of childbearing age about possible safety risks of dietary supplements containing vinpocetine". FDA. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  3. FDA
    . February 22, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  4. PMID 29183836
    .
  5. ^ a b Schmitt R (January 12, 2017). "Marketers exploit the aged with unproven brain-health claims". Newsweek. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  6. ^ Hank S (7 September 2016). "FDA rules vinpocetine not a legal dietary ingredient despite successful NDI filings". NutraIngredients. William Reed Business Media, England. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  7. ^ "FDA Concludes Vinpocetine Ineligible as a Dietary Ingredient". Nutraceuticals World. Rodman Media. September 20, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  8. ^ Schmitt R (February 3, 2017). "Dubious doses". Newsweek. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
  9. ^
    PMID 26426301
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 26434971
    .
  11. ^
    U.S. Federal Trade Commission
    . July 8, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  12. ^
    ISSN 0009-2347
    . Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  13. PMID 12535455
    .
  14. ^
    PMID 18253980
    .
  15. PMID 14624946
    .
  16. PMID 33712282
    .
  17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    . Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  18. ^ Office of the Commissioner (2019-06-03). "Statement on warning for women of childbearing age about possible safety risks of dietary supplements containing vinpocetine". FDA. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
  19. PMID 6322804
    .
  20. PMID 20448200
    .
  21. PMID 20495091
    .
  22. S2CID 38990597
    .
  23. PMID 27319129
    .
  24. ^ a b McGrory K (July 9, 2015). "Tampa diet supplement firm pays $1.4 million settlement over 'brain power' pill claims". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  25. Science Based Medicine
    . Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  26. ^
    Orange County Register
    . Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  27. ^
    National Law Review
    . July 30, 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  28. ^ a b c Myers S (July 8, 2015). "Memory Supplement Marketers Settle FTC Case for $150M". Natural Products Insider. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
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