White-winged warbler

White-winged warbler
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Phaenicophilidae
Genus:	Xenoligea; Bond, 1967
Species:	X. montana
Binomial name
	Xenoligea montana; (Chapman, 1917)

The white-winged warbler (Xenoligea montana), also called the white-winged ground-warbler or Hispaniolan highland-tanager, is a

endemic to the island of Hispaniola which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic.^[2]^[1]

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-winged warbler is the only member of genus Xenoligea. It was originally named Microligea montana, sharing that genus with the

Thraupidae.^[3]

The white-winged warbler is

monotypic, with no subspecies recognized.^[2]

Description

The white-winged warbler is 13 to 14 cm (5.1 to 5.5 in) and weighs 12 to 13 g (0.42 to 0.46 oz). The sexes are alike and not particularly

primaries that shows as a white patch on the closed wing. The underparts are white-washed with gray on the breast and flanks. Juveniles are similar to adults,z but with an overall brown cast to the adult colors.^[4]

Distribution and habitat

The white-winged warbler is limited to montane regions of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In the former it is found in the

broadleaf, pine-broadleaf, pine, and karst limestone forests, as well as secondary forest. In elevation it ranges between 875 and 2,000 m (2,900 and 6,600 ft), but is most numerous above 1,300 m (4,300 ft).^[4]

Lifespan

The white-winged warbler has a typical lifespan of three to six years. The oldest known individual was a bird that was banded in 1998 and recaptured in 2006.[4]

Behavior

Movement

The white-winged warbler is a year-round resident throughout its range.^[4]

Feeding

The white-winged warbler forages in vegetation at all levels of the forest. Its diet includes

mixed-species foraging flocks with other members of the family Phaenicophilidae and the Hispaniolan spindalis (Spindalis dominicensis).^[4]

Breeding

The white-winged warbler's nesting season is believed to be May to July. The only known nest was found in 2004. It was a cup of moss, leaves, lichen, and other plant material lined with small fibers and placed in a vine thicket 2.5 m (8 ft) above the ground. It contained two eggs. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[4]

Songs and calls

Listen to white-winged warbler on xeno-canto

Vocalization

As of late 2022, xeno-canto had only two recordings of white-winged warbler vocalization; the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library had several more. The species' song is "a series of high-pitched, squeaky notes that accelerate at the end". It also makes "a low-pitched tseep" and "a low-pitched chattering suit..suit..suit..chir..suit..suit..suit..suit..chir..chi" calls.^[4]

Status

The

IUCN originally assessed the white-winged warbler as Threatened but has classed it as Vulnerable since 1994. Its estimated population of 1500 to 7000 mature individuals is very fragmented and believed to be decreasing. Much of its range has been deforested, especially in Haiti. Predation by introduced small Indian mongooses is also suspected to have contributed to the decline.^[1]

References

^
doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22722076A180141409.en
. Retrieved 10 October 2022.

^ ^a ^b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Caribbean "tanagers", Wrenthrush, Yellow-breasted Chat". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds". American Ornithological Society. August 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hart, J. A. and C. C. Rimmer (2020). White-winged Warbler (Xenoligea montana), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whwwar1.01 retrieved October 10, 2022