Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera

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Overview

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.[1][2]

Symptoms

Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe[2], but the classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea, that lasts a few days.[3]

Other symptoms

muscle cramps may also occur with the disease .[2]

Dehydration

Diarrhea can be so severe, that it leads to severe dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances within hours.[3]

Signs of dehydration

Severe dehydration can give the patient sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.[4] Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish.[5]

Timing of symptoms

Symptoms typically start two hours, to five days after exposure.[2]

Cause

Cholera can be caused by different types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others, which can make some outbreaks more severe than others.[3]

Spread

The main cause of Cholera is drinking

unsafe water, that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria, or unsafe food contaminated by infected water.[3]

Poorly cooked food

Undercooked seafood is a common source for the disease.[6], and humans are the only animal affected.[3]

Risk factors

Risk factors for the disease include poor sanitation, not enough clean drinking water, and poverty.[3]

Effect of global warming

There are concerns that

rising sea levels, caused by global warming, will increase rates of disease.[3]

Diagnosis

Cholera can be diagnosed by a stool test.[3]

Prevention

Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation, access to clean water, and good hygiene.[4]

Vaccination

Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth, provide reasonable protection to the disease for about six months[3], and, they have the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea, caused by E. coli.[3]

Treatment

The primary treatment is

slightly sweet and salty solutions.[3] Rice-based solutions are preferred.[3]

Zinc

Zinc supplementation is useful in children.[7]

IV fluids and antibiotics

In severe cases,

Testing to see which antibiotic the cholera is susceptible to, can help guide the choice.[2]

Epidemiology

Cholera affects an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year.[3][8]

Developing nations

Although it is classified as a

developed world,[3]and affects mostly the children of developing countries.[3][9]

Outbreaks vs chronic disease

Cholera occurs as both

chronically in certain areas.[3] Areas with an ongoing risk of disease, include Africa, and Southeast Asia.[3]

Risk of death

The risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, but can be as high as 50%.[3] Not having access to treatment dramatically increases the risk of death.[3]

History

Descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in

Seven large outbreaks have occurred over the last 200 years, with millions of deaths.[11]

References

  1. ^ Finkelstein, Richard. "Medical microbiology". Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 6, 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  3. ^
    PMID 20349546. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2015.
  4. ^
    PMID 22748592
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-4358-9437-2. Archived
    from the original on 2016-12-03.
  6. ^ "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  7. ^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  8. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  9. ^ "Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 27, 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  10. ISBN 978-0-7637-0060-7. Archived
    from the original on 2016-12-03.
  11. ^ "Cholera's seven pandemics". CBC. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
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