Xiuhtecuhtli
Xiuhtecuhtli | |
---|---|
Father of the gods God of fire | |
Tezcatlipocas[1] (Codex Zumarraga) | |
Siblings | None |
Consort | Chāntico (Codex Zumarraga)[1] |
Children | With Chāntico: Xiuhxoxoauhqui (blue fire), Xiuhcozauhqui (yellow fire), Xiuhiztac (white fire) and Xiuhtlatlauhqui (red fire)[1] |
Equivalents | |
Maya equivalent | K'awiil (God K) |
In
The
Stone sculptures of Xiuhtecuhtli were ritually buried as offerings, and various statuettes have been recovered during excavations at the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan with which he was closely associated.[23] Statuettes of the deity from the temple depict a seated male with his arms crossed.[24] A sacred fire was always kept burning in the temples of Xiuhtecuhtli.[25] In gratitude for the gift of fire, the first mouthful of food from each meal was flung into the hearth.[21]
Xiuhtecuhtli is depicted in the Codex Borgia.[26]
Attributes
Many of the attributes of Xiuhtecuhtli are found associated with
Xiuhtecuhtli was embodied in the teotecuilli, the sacrificial brazier into which sacrificial victims were cast during the New Fire ceremony.[32] This took place at the end of each cycle of the Aztec calendar round (every 52 years),[33] when the gods were thought to be able to end their covenant with humanity. Feasts were held in honor of Xiuhtecuhtli to keep his favors, and human sacrifices were burned after removing their heart.
Annual festival
The annual festival of Xiuhtecuhtli was celebrated in Izcalli, the 18th veintena of the year.[34] The Nahuatl word izcalli means "stone house" and refers to the building where maize used to be dried and roasted between mid-January and mid-February. The whole month was therefore devoted to fire.[14] The Izcalli rituals grew in importance every four years.[35] A framework image of the deity was constructed from wood and was richly finished with clothing, feathers and an elaborate mask.[34] Quails were sacrificed to the idol and their blood spilt before it and copal was burnt in his honour.[36] On the day of the festival, the priests of Xiuhtecuhtli spent the day dancing and singing before their god.[37] People caught animals, including mammals, birds, snakes, lizards and fish, for ten days before the festival in order to throw them into the hearth on the night of the festival.[38] On the tenth day of Izcalli, during a festival called huauhquiltamalcualiztli ("eating of the amaranth leaf tamales"), the New Fire was lighted, signifying the change of the annual cycle and the rebirth of the fire deity.[39] During the night the image of the god was lit with using the mamalhuatzin.[40] Food was consumed ritually, including shrimp tamales, after first offering it to the god.[38]
Every four years a more solemn version of the festival was held at the temple of Xiuhtecuhtli in Tenochtitlan, attended by the emperor and his nobles.[42] Slaves and captives were dressed as the deity and sacrificed in his honour.[43] Godparents were assigned to children on this day and the children had their ears ritually pierced. After this, the children, their parents and godparents all shared a meal together.[42]
New Fire Ceremony
Xiuhtecuhtli was celebrated often but especially at the end of every 52-year period. This was the time the 365-day solar and the 260-day sacred calendars ended on the same day and the Aztec celebrated the Binding of the Years with the
In popular culture
A set of six postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail in 2003 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the British Museum featured a mask of Xiuhtecuhtli alongside other Museum objects such as the Sutton Hoo helmet and Hoa Hakananai'a.[45]
See also
- Xiuhcoatl
- Lords of the Night (mythology)
- Nagual
- Serpent (symbolism)
Notes
- ^ ISBN 970-07-3149-9.
- ^ Website of the British Museum. Archived May 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.476. Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189.
- ^ Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.433.
- ^ Olvera, Silvia Limón. "Fire Deities." In David Carrasco (ed).The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001
- ^ Coe & Koontz 2002, p.55.
- ^ Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47. (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104.
- ^ a b Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.476.
- ^ Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104. León-Portilla 2002, pp.25, 26.
- ^ a b Matos Moctezuma 1988, p.94.
- ^ a b c d e f Luján 2005, p.140
- ^ a b Luján 2005, p.141
- ^ a b c Roy 2005, p.211
- ^ a b Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.190. Smith 1996, 2003, pp.246-7. Díaz & Rodgers 1993, p.xix.
- ^ a b Bezanilla 2000, p.25
- ^ a b Bingham & Roberts 2010, p.143
- ^ Díaz & Rodgers 1993, p.xix. Smith 1996, 2003, p.248
- ^ Luján 2005, p.145.
- ^ Luján 2005, p.147.
- ^ a b Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.447.
- ^ Coe & Koontz 2002, p.197.
- ^ Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.172, 476.
- ^ Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.172.
- ^ Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.414.
- ISBN 9780486275697.
- ^ Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189. Barrera Rodríguez & López Arenas 2008, p.19.
- ^ a b Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189.
- ^ Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.419-20.
- ^ Fernández 1992, 1996, pp.104-6.
- ^ Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.468.
- ^ a b Fernández 1992, 1996, p.107.
- ^ Smith 1996, 2003, p.249.
- ^ a b López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ Luján 2005, p.143.
- ^ Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.48 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ a b López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.48 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ Luján 2005, p.142.
- ^ López Austin 1998, p.10.
- ^ Díaz & Rodgers 1993, pp.xix, 64.
- ^ a b Sahagún 1577, 1989, pp.48-9 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
- ^ López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.98 (Book II, Chapter XVIII).
- ^ Roy 2005, p.316.
- ^ CollectGBStamps.
References
- Barrera Rodríguez, Raúl; Gabino López Arenas (September–October 2008). "Hallazgos en el recinto ceremonial de Tenochtitlan" (PDF). Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). XVI (93). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 18–25. OCLC 29789840. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-02-06.
- Bingham, Ann (2010). South and Meso-American Mythology A to Z. revised by Jeremy Roberts. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60413-414-8.
- OCLC 50131575.
- Díaz, Gisele; Alan Rodgers (1993). The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript. New York: Dover Publications. OCLC 27641334.
- Fernández, Adela (1996) [1992]. Dioses Prehispánicos de México (in Spanish). Mexico City: Panorama Editorial. OCLC 59601185.
- León-Portilla, Miguel (July–August 2002). "Mitos de los Orígenes en Mesoamérica" (PDF). Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). X (56). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 20–27. OCLC 29789840. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 25, 2009.
- López Austin, Alfredo (November–December 1998). "Los ritos: Un juego de definiciones". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). VI (34). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 4–17. OCLC 29789840.
- OCLC 17968786.
- OCLC 56096386.
- OCLC 28801551.
- Olvera, Silvia Limón. "Fire Deities." In David Carrasco (ed). In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780195188431. OLCL 1169898498
- Sahagún, Bernardino de (1989) [1577]. Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, Tomo 1 (in Spanish). Mexico City: OCLC 24728390.
- Smith, Michael E. (2003) [1996]. The Aztecs (second ed.). Malden MA; Oxford and Carlton, Australia: OCLC 59452395.
- Bezanilla, Clara (2000). A Pocket Dictionary of Aztec and Mayan Gods and Goddesses. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-008-7.
- Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
- López Luján, Leonardo (2005). The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-82632-958-5.
- "250th Anniversary of the British Museum". CollectGBStamps. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.