Xue Susu

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In this Chinese name, the family name is Xue.
Xue Susu
chess player
Known forMounted archery, painting
Xue Susu
Hanyu Pinyin
Xuē Sùsù
[ɕœ sûsû]
Wade–GilesHsueh1 Su4-su4

Xue Susu (

Ming Dynasty.[2]
She was an accomplished painter and poet, and was noted for her skill at mounted archery. She was particularly noted for her figure paintings, which included many Buddhist subjects.Her works are held in a number of museums both in China and elsewhere. Her archery was commented upon by a number of contemporary writers, as were her masculine, martial tendencies; these were regarded as an attractive feature by the literati of the period.

She lived in Eastern China, residing for most of her life in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu districts. After a career as a celebrated Gējì in Nanjing, Xue Susu was married about four times.During her later life, she eventually opted for the life of a Buddhist recluse.

Biography

Xue was born in either

Qinhuai pleasure quarter of Nanjing in the 1580s,[6] where she became something of a celebrity among the literati and government officials who frequented the Jiaofang there.[7][1][3] She was highly selective in her clientele, accepting only learned and scholarly men as her lovers and declining to proffer her affections for mere financial gain.[1]While still in Jiaxing, Xue Susu met Dong Qichang, a great scribe and calligrapher who was unknown in the world at that time and later became the Minister of Rites. At that time, he was still teaching in a private school to make a living. When Dong Qichang met Xue Susu, he was immediately attracted by this intelligent and beautiful girl. So, he copied a copy of the Heart Sutra in regular script and gave it to her, along with an inscription and postscript. Under the guidance of Dong Qichang, Xue Susu could paint landscapes, orchids, and bamboos with ease, and all of them were in a state of concentration. Later, she was also good at line drawings of figures, flowers, and grass and insects. As an adult, her poems, books, and paintings attracted celebrities.She also learned good embroidery skills at an early age. As an adult, her embroidery skills became even more superb. In the autumn of 1612, Li Rihua's disciples brought him a statue of Guanyin hand-embroidered by Xue Susu and a volume of "Prajna Heart Sutra", which Li Rihua rated as "extremely exquisite".[8]

In the 1590s she returned to Beijing, where the parties and literary gatherings that she hosted, as well as her archery demonstrations, further cemented her reputation.[9]Xue Susu has outstanding talents and is known as "Ten Talented Women(十能才女)". She has ten skills: writing poetry, calligraphy, painting, playing the guqin, playing chess, playing the flute, embroidery, riding a horse, walking on a rope, and shooting a slingshot.[10]Xue Susu was proficient in Go (game) and was the only female chess player in the Ming Dynasty with documented historical records.[11]Xue Susu referred to herself as "a female knight-errant",[3][12] and took her name from a famous woman warrior from history;[4] she also chose the sobriquet Wulang 五郎 ("fifth young gentleman") as a nickname.[9] The "female knight-errant" epithet was reiterated by both the bibliophile Hu Yinglin and Fan Yulin, Secretary to the Ministry of War.[9] Apparently fond of martial causes, she was not above using her position to influence military affairs, on one occasion abandoning her lover Yuan Weizhi when he refused to fund an expedition against the Japanese in Korea.[3][4]

Xue Susu's first marriage was to a general. She was once liked by a general named “Li Zhengman” or general named Li and became his favorite concubine.After her marriage ended, she became a Geji again.Later, when her portrait was introduced to the southern minority areas, a Xuanwei officer named Peng in Youyang fell in love with Xue Susu. In order to marry her, Peng Xuanwei sent a scholar named Feng and spent a lot of money to lure Xue Susu to Youyang. After arriving in Youyang, Xue Susu realized that she had been cheated, and Peng Xuanwei kept Xue Susu at home for more than ten years. This was her second marriage, lasting more than ten years.After her second marriage ended, she still chose to engage in artistic activities as Geji.[13]At some point after 1605 her career as a Gējì came to an end when she married the playwright and bureaucrat Shen Defu.[9][14]Perhaps Shen Defu was several years younger than Xue Susu, or perhaps there was too much pressure from the Shen family. Xue Susu married into the Shen family and then left the Shen family several years later. This was Xue Susu's third marriage, and she did not continue to act as a Geji after that. Finally, she married Yuan Weizhi, a wealthy businessman in Suzhou, as a concubine.Xue Susu's marriage to Yuan Weizhi(袁微之) was her last marriage. She married four times in total and eventually died at Yuan's house.[15][16][17]When Xue Susu got old, she began to want children, but it was difficult to have children because she was older.So she prayed for others through Buddhism, and prayed for all the men and women who love each other to have children.[18][19]

In later life she converted to Buddhism, largely retiring from the world.[1][3] Even in her eighties, however, she was still active in the literary world, entertaining female artists such as Huang Yuanjie and Yi Lin at her home on the West Lake after the collapse of the Ming Dynasty.[1][9] With her Buddhist friend Yang Jiangzi (the sister of Xue's fellow courtesan Liu Yin), she made pilgrimages to sacred sites such as Mount Lu and Mount Emei.[20] The date of her death is uncertain; some sources suggest that she may have lived into the 1650s whilst others put her death in the late 1630s or early 1640s. Qian Qianyi mentions her death in a work published in 1652, so it is evident that she must have died before this date.[9]

Xue Susu had an inkstone called Zhi Inkstone(脂砚). The bottom of the inkstone box is engraved with the words "Wanli Guiyou Gusu Wu Wanyou", and the four characters "hongyansuxin(红颜素心)" are inscribed on the upper right. The inside of the lid is engraved with a portrait of Xue Susu with a fine dark pattern, which was painted by Qiu Zhu, the daughter of Qiu Shizhou. On the bottom of the inkstone is engraved small characters in official script: "The inkstone treasured by Zhiyanzhai will be preserved forever." There is a saying that the Zhiyanzhai in "A Dream of Red Mansions" may be named after Xue Susu Zhiyan.[21]

Paintings

Lan Zhu Song Mei Tu (Orchid, Bamboo, Pine and Plum) by Xue Susu
Beautiful Woman in Plain Lines by Xue Susu

Already an accomplished painter in her teenage years,

San Francisco Asian Art Museum.[23]

Poetry

Xue regularly accented her paintings with her own poems, and published two volumes of writing, only one of which is still extant. Hua suo shi

Qing dynasties.[9]

Hu Yinglin wrote that "Her poetry, although lacking in freedom, shows a talent rare among women."[3] Moving in literary circles, Xue also provided the subject matter for many contemporary poets. Xu Yuan, another female poet of the period, describes Xue's allure:

Lotus blossoms as she moves her pair of arches
 Her tiny waist, just a hand's breadth, is light enough to dance on a palm
Leaning coyly against the East Wind
 Her pure colour and misty daintiness fill the moon.[24]

Hu Yinglin wrote of Xue:

Who transplanted this flower of renowned species to the Imperial garden?
 Hers is a smile worth a thousand pieces of gold
She lives near the mooring like Taoye [Peach Leaf], under the wind
 She resembles rushes, standing in the water, embracing the moon, and humming
The red phoenix is half-raised because of her mate
 Her eyebrows are slightly frowning, expecting a heart to share
This is the moment to read Eternal Regret, the poem of Bo Juyi
 Beside the bed, she is awaiting the lute of jade.[1]

Xue's own works deal with a variety of themes, from the mildy erotic:

Inside the city walls of stone in the pleasure quarter
 I feel deeply mortified that my talents outshine all the others
The river glitters, the waters clear, and the seagulls swim in pairs
 The sky looks hollow, the clouds serene, and the wild geese fly in rows
My embroidered dress partly borrows the hue of hibiscus
 The emerald wine shares the scent of lotus
If I did not reciprocate your feelings
 Would I dare to feast with you, Master He?[1]

to the romantic:

This lovely night I think of you, wondering whether you will return
 The lonely lamp shines on me, casting a faint shadow
I clutch one lone pillow; there is nobody to talk to
 Moonlight floods the deserted courtyard; tears soak my dress.[9]

to the whimsically philosophical:

Full of aroma is the taste of wine beneath the bloom
 Tinged in azure the gate surrounded by bamboo
In solitude I watch the seagulls fly across the sky
 Carefree and content, I feel fully satisfied.[1]

Xue often exchanged poems and paintings with her clientele, receiving their own artworks in exchange.[3]

Archery

Whilst she excelled at poetry, painting and embroidery, the skill that set Xue apart from other Gējìs and created a cult of celebrity around her was her talent for archery. Her mastery of a traditionally masculine art gave her an air of androgyny that was considered highly attractive by the literati of the time.[9][20] Having practiced in Beijing as a child[1] she furthered her skills during a sojourn in the company of a military officer in the outlying regions of China. The horsemen of the local tribes there were impressed with her shooting, and she became something of a local celebrity.[4] Later in life she gave public demonstrations in Hangzhou, which drew large audiences.[1][4] Hu Yinglin describes one such performance:

"She is able to shoot two balls from her crossbow one after another and make the second ball strike the first and break it in mid-air. Another trick she can do is to place a ball on the ground, and, by pulling the bow backwards with her left hand, while her right hand draws the bow from behind her back, hit it. Out of a hundred shots, she does not miss a single one.[1]

The poet Lu Bi recalls another trick shot performed by Xue: "When the servant girl takes a ball in her hand and places it on top of her head / She [Xue] turns around, hits it with another ball, and both balls fall to the ground."[1]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7425-5466-5
    .
  2. ^ "Past events｜Remembering my father Wang Yiping: Behind the donation of Yi Bing Shou Inkstone and Ming Dynasty Lin Liang's paintings".
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8047-3231-4
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8476-9395-5
    .
  5. ^ ""Jinling Painting Circle" promotes female painters to enter the history of Chinese art, Gong Xian is the leader of "Jinling"".
  6. ISBN 978-1-136-29021-3
    .
  7. ^ ""Many should take their own portraits" - the beauty of women in the works of female painters of the Ming and Qing Dynasties".
  8. ^ "Jiayou Beauty｜Xue Susu: "Riding a horse with a slingshot", a legendary life".
  9. ^
    S2CID 145248344. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  10. ^ 《明诗综》卷九十八：“薛五校书有十能，诗、书、画、琴、弈、箫、绣，而驰马、走索、射弹，尤绝技也。”
  11. ^ "[Playing Chess] The Ming Dynasty period when there were countless famous chess players".
  12. ISBN 978-988-8139-10-1
    .
  13. ^ 徐树敏《众香词》:“为李征蛮所嬖，其画像传入蛮峒。彭宣府深慕好之。吴人冯生自谓能致素素，费金钱无算。久之，语不雠，宣尉怒羁留十余年乃遣。北里名姬，至于倾动蛮夷，世所希有也。”
  14. ISBN 978-1-118-23444-0
    .
  15. ^ 钱谦益《列朝诗集小传》（薛素素）：“中年长斋礼佛，数嫁皆不终。晚归吴下富家，为房老以死。”
  16. ^ "科普成果 | 嘉兴明清女性画家史话（下）" [Popular science results | History of female painters in Jiaxing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (Part 2)]. zjskw.gov.cn.
  17. ^ "Jiayou Beauty｜Xue Susu: "Riding a horse with a slingshot", a legendary life".
  18. ISBN 978-0-300-09447-3
    .
  19. ^ 《珊瑚网》载李日华题薛素素《花里观音》云：“薛素能挟弹调筝，鸣机刺绣；又善理眉掠鬓，人间可喜可乐，以娱男子事，种种皆出其手。然花繁春老后，人情不免有绿阴青子之思，姬无可着力。今又以绘法精写大士，代天下有情夫妇祈嗣，此又是于姬己分上补一段大缺陷也。乃欢喜以赞曰：慧女春风手，百花指端吐；菩萨现花中，自结真实果。”
  20. ^
    S2CID 145231141
    .
  21. ^ "Appreciation of the Ming Dynasty female painter Xue Susu's orchid bamboo paintings".
  22. ^ "Flowers, 1615". Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 11 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  23. ISBN 978-0-313-31071-3
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-8047-2359-6
    .

Further reading

  • Robinson, James (1988). Views from Jade Terrace: Chinese Women Artists 1300-1912. New York: Indianapolis Museum of Art and Rizzoli. pp. 82–88.
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