Hangzhou
Hangzhou
杭州市 Hangchow, Hang Tsei, Hangchou | |
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Chenghuang Pavilion; Lingyin Temple; Changqiao Park on the West Lake; aerial view of the Leifeng Pagoda; Xixi National Wetland Park; the Yue Fei Temple | |
(Osmanthus fragrans) |
Hangzhou | |
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Chinese | 杭州 |
Wu | ɦaŋ-tsei (Hangzhou dialect) |
Hanyu Pinyin | Qiántáng |
Wade–Giles | Ch'ien-t'ang |
IPA | [tɕʰjɛ̌n.tʰǎŋ] |
Hangzhou
Hangzhou has been repeatedly rated as the best commercial city in
Hangzhou is a major city for scientific research in the Asia-Pacific, ranking
History
Early history
The celebrated
In 222 BC,
Hangzhou was made the seat of the
Tang dynasty
In the
It is listed as one of the
Song dynasty
In 1089, another renowned poet governor Su Shi (Su Dongpo) used 200,000 workers to construct a 2.8 km (1.7 mi) long causeway across West Lake made of mud dredged from the lake bottom. The lake is surrounded by hills on the northern and western sides. The Baochu Pagoda sits on the Baoshi Hill to the north of the lake.
Hangzhou was chosen as the new capital of the
Once the prospect of retaking northern China had diminished, buildings in Hangzhou were extended and renovated to become a permanent imperial capital. The imperial palace in Hangzhou, modest in size, was expanded in 1133 with new roofed alleyways, and in 1148 with an extension of the palace walls.
From 1132 until the Mongol invasion of 1276, Hangzhou remained the capital of the Southern Song dynasty and was known as Lin'an (臨安). It served as the seat of the imperial government, a center of trade and entertainment, and the nexus of the main branches of the civil service. During that time the city was a gravitational center of Chinese civilization as what used to be considered "central China" in the north was taken by the Jin, an ethnic minority dynasty ruled by Jurchens.
Numerous philosophers, politicians, and men of literature, including some of the most celebrated poets in Chinese history such as
During the Southern Song dynasty, commercial expansion, an influx of refugees from the conquered north, and the growth of the official and military establishments, led to a corresponding population increase and the city developed well outside its 9th-century ramparts. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Hangzhou had a population of over 2 million at that time, while historian Jacques Gernet has estimated that the population of Hangzhou numbered well over one million by 1276. (Official Chinese census figures from the year 1270 listed some 186,330 families in residence and probably failed to count non-residents and soldiers.) It is believed that Hangzhou was the largest city in the world from 1180 to 1315 and from 1348 to 1358.[34][35]
Because of the large population and densely crowded (often multi-story) wooden buildings, Hangzhou was particularly vulnerable to fires. Major conflagrations destroyed large sections of the city in 1208, 1229, 1237, and 1275. The 1237 fire alone destroyed 30,000 dwellings. However, the worst was the 1208 fire which burned for 4 days in a 3-mile diameter and burnt 58,097 houses as well as killing 59 people. To combat this threat, the city constructed storage buildings that were rented out to merchants where watchmen patrolled by night and was enclosed by water on all sides.[29] Besides this, the government established an elaborate system for fighting fires, erected watchtowers, devised a system of lantern and flag signals to identify the source of the flames and direct the response, and charged more than 3,000 soldiers with the task of putting out fire.
Yuan dynasty
Hangzhou was besieged and captured by the advancing
-
Xi Hu Landscape by Li Song (1190–1264), showing the Leifeng Pagoda in the Southern Song Dynasty
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"Moon over the Peaceful Lake in Autumn", one of the Ten Scenes of the Xi Hu
-
Jigong
Foreign descriptions
Yuan China was very open to foreign visitors, and several returned west describing Hangzhou—under the names Khinzai,
Modern history
The city remained an important port until the middle of the
In 1856 and 1860, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied Hangzhou. The city was heavily damaged during its conquest, occupation, and eventual reconquest by the Qing army.
Hangzhou was ruled by the Republic of China government under the Kuomintang from 1927 to 1937. From 1937 to 1945, the city was occupied by Japan. The Kuomintang returned in 1945, and governed until 1949. On May 3, 1949, the People's Liberation Army entered Hangzhou and the city came under Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control. After Deng Xiaoping's reformist policies began in the end of 1978, Hangzhou took advantage of being situated in the Yangtze Delta to bolster its development. It is now one of China's most prosperous major cities.
During the
Hangzhou was the third city in China to host the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.[50] It also hosted the eleventh G20 summit in 2016.[51]
In February 2020, the city was under curfew measures due to the
Geography
Hangzhou is located in northwestern Zhejiang province, at the southern end of the
Climate
Hangzhou | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hangzhou's climate is
Climate data for Hangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) |
28.5 (83.3) |
32.8 (91.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.7 (103.5) |
41.3 (106.3) |
41.6 (106.9) |
38.7 (101.7) |
38.4 (101.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
41.6 (106.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.8 (92.8) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.3 (99.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.7 (83.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
17.5 (63.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −8.6 (16.5) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 93.3 (3.67) |
89.9 (3.54) |
135.7 (5.34) |
116.8 (4.60) |
126.8 (4.99) |
258.2 (10.17) |
167.5 (6.59) |
176.8 (6.96) |
113.3 (4.46) |
74.1 (2.92) |
75.2 (2.96) |
64.2 (2.53) |
1,491.8 (58.73) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.4 | 11.7 | 14.9 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 15.4 | 12.2 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 8.1 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 147 |
Average snowy days | 4.2 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 9.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
74 | 73 | 72 | 70 | 71 | 79 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 73 | 75 | 72 | 74 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 95.6 | 97.7 | 120.4 | 144.7 | 158.9 | 120.0 | 204.6 | 187.9 | 139.9 | 141.6 | 118.9 | 112.6 | 1,642.8 |
Percent possible sunshine | 30 | 31 | 32 | 37 | 38 | 28 | 48 | 46 | 38 | 40 | 38 | 36 | 37 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[57][58][59] |
Demographics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2018) |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1990 | 1,845,055 | — |
2000 | 3,662,054 | +98.5% |
2010 | 5,849,537 | +59.7% |
2020 | 9,236,032 | +57.9% |
sources: (census dates, urban area qu 区)[60] |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2000 | 6,878,722 | — |
2010 | 8,700,373 | +26.5% |
2020 | 11,936,010 | +37.2% |
2022 | 12,376,000 | +3.7% |
2023 | 12,522,000 | +1.2% |
sources: (census dates, administrative division)[61]
and (yearend est.) [62] 2023年杭州市人口主要数据公报: (website only visible inside China)2023年末全市常住人口中,男性为652.1万人,占总人口的52.1%;女性为600.1万人,占总人口 的47.9%。性别比(以女性为100,男性对女性的比例)为108.7。 |
Hangzhou is a city in China and had a population of 5,162,039 (including Xiaoshan and Yuhang) at the 2010 census, an increase of 4.8% per year since the 2000 census.[63] The most recent estimates of the city's urban area population are between 6,658,000 and 6,820,000.[64][65]
During the
The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 13.4 million,[70] although other sources put the figure at over 21 million. The Hangzhou metropolitan area includes the major cities of Shaoxing, Jiaxing and Huzhou.[66][71]
The population of Hangzhou is likely influenced by Zhejiang being chosen for model common prosperity drive.
Politics
Structure
Title | Party Committee Secretary
|
HMPC Chairperson | Mayor | Hangzhou CPPCC Chairman
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Liu Jie | Liu Huolin | Yao Gaoyuan | Ma Weiguang |
Ancestral home | Danyang, Jiangsu | Taizhou, Zhejiang | Cixi, Zhejiang | Shaoxing, Zhejiang |
Born | January 1970 (age 54) | November 1961 (age 62) | August 1968 (age 55) | October 1962 (age 61) |
Assumed office | December 2021 | February 2021 | November 2022 | January 2022 |
Administrative divisions
Hangzhou is classified as a
In the early 90s, the urban districts of Hangzhou only comprises Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Gongshu, Jianggan.
On December 11, 1996,
Map | ||||||
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Shangcheng Gongshu Binjiang Xihu Xiaoshan Yuhang Fuyang Lin'an Qiantang Linping | ||||||
Subdivision | Chinese | Pinyin | Population (2020) | Area (km2) | Density | |
Central Urban Districts | ||||||
Shangcheng District
|
上城区 | Shàngchéng Qū | 1,323,467 | 119.68 | 13,238.68 | |
Gongshu District
|
拱墅区 | Gǒngshù Qū | 1,120,985 | 98.58 | 8,288.81 | |
Xihu District
|
西湖区 | Xīhú Qū | 1,112,992 | 309.41 | 2,876.44 | |
Binjiang District
|
滨江区 | Bīnjiāng Qū | 503,859 | 72.22 | 5,427.86 | |
Suburban Districts | ||||||
Xiaoshan District
|
萧山区 | Xiāoshān Qū | 2,011,659 | 1000.64 | 1,212.42 | |
Yuhang District
|
余杭区 | Yúháng Qū | 1,226,673 | 942.38 | 1,304.94 | |
Linping District
|
临平区 | Línpíng Qū | 1,175,841 | 286.03 | 17,933.86 | |
Qiantang District
|
钱塘区 | Qiántáng Qū | 769,150 | 523.57 | 5,930.00 | |
Fuyang District
|
富阳区 | Fùyáng Qū | 832,017 | 1,821.03 | 407.46 | |
Lin'an District
|
临安区 | Lín'ān Qū | 634,555 | 3,118.77 | 190.14 | |
Counties | ||||||
Tonglu County | 桐庐县 | Tónglú Xiàn | 453,106 | 1,829.59 | 236.12 | |
Chun'an County | 淳安县 | Chún'ān Xiàn | 328,957 | 4,417.48 | 81.04 | |
County-level City | ||||||
Jiande City | 建德市 | Jiàndé Shì | 442,709 | 2,314.19 | 192.72 |
Economy
City | Area km2 | Population (2020) | GDP (CN¥)[5] | GDP (US$) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hangzhou | 16,821 | 11,936,010 | CN¥ 1,875.3 billion | US$278.857 billion |
Shaoxing | 8,279 | 5,270,977 | CN¥ 735.1 billion | US$109.309 billion |
Jiaxing | 4,009 | 5,400,868 | CN¥ 673.9 billion | US$100.209 billion |
Huzhou | 5,818 | 3,367,579 | CN¥ 385.0 billion | US$57.250 billion |
Quzhou | 8,846 | 2,276,184 | CN¥ 200.3 billion | US$29.785 billion |
Huangshan | 9,807 | 1,470,000 | CN¥ 100.2 billion | US$14.900 billion |
Hangzhou metropolitan area | 53,582 | 29,721,618 | CN¥ 3.970 trillion | US$590.339 billion |
Hangzhou's economy has rapidly developed since its opening up in 1992. It is an industrial city with many diverse sectors such as light industry, agriculture, and textiles. It is considered an important manufacturing base and logistics hub for coastal China.
A study conducted by
Hangzhou ranks 11th in the world and 6th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Guangzhou) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[85]
As of August 2023, Hangzhou has the tenth-most Fortune Global 500 headquarters of any city in the world and the fourth-most in China – after Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen – within its city limits.[9]
Industries
Hangzhou is the headquarters of several technology companies including Alibaba Group, NetEase,[19]: 90 Ant Group, and HikVision. As a result of its internet industry, many programmers from other cities such as Shanghai or Beijing have come to Hangzhou.[86] The city has developed many new industries, including medicine, information technology, heavy equipment, automotive components, household electrical appliances, electronics, telecommunication, fine chemicals, chemical fibre and food processing.[87] The city describes its important industries as "1 + 6" industrial clusters, with the "1" referring to the digital economy and the "6" referring to cultural/creative economy, finance, tourism, fashion manufacturing, and high-end equipment manufacturing.[19]: 91 As of at least 2023, Hangzhou's economic growth has been led by the digital sector and the creative/cultural sectors.[19]: 91
Economic and Technological Development Zones
Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone was established and approved as a national development zone by the
Hangzhou Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was set up with approval from the State Council as a state-level high-tech Industrial Development Zone in March 1991. The HHTZ is composed of three parts, with the main regions being the Zhijiang Sci-Tech Industrial Park and Xiasha Sci-Tech Industrial Park. HHTZ has become one of the most influential high-tech innovation and high-tech industry bases in Zhejiang Province. As of 2013[update], HHTZ hosts more than 1,100 software developers and BPO enterprises. Major companies such as Motorola, Nokia and Siemens have established R&D centers in the zone. In 2011, the GDP of the zone rose by 13.1 percent, amounting to RMB 41.63 billion. This accounted for 5.9 percent of Hangzhou's total GDP. The HHTZ positions itself as the "Silicon Valley" of China. The Alibaba Group is headquartered in the zone.[90][91]
Tourism
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Although Hangzhou has been through many recent urban developments, it still retains its historical and cultural heritage and natural environment. Today,
- Other places of interest
- UNESCO World Heritage Site. The part of the Canal in Hangzhou was built in 610 AD. The core historical sites are accessible by Hangzhou Metro Line 5's The Grand Canal station or East Gongchen Bridge station.
- The world's largest tidal bore races up the Qiantang River through Hangzhou reaching up to 12 m (39 ft) in height.
- The residence of Hu Xueyan (胡雪岩故居) located on Yuanbao Street was built in 1872 by Hu Xueyan, a native of Anhui, a very successful businessman. It was restored and opened to the public in 2001.
- Xixi National Wetland Park. Established with the aim of preserving the wetland ecological system, it covers an area of about 10 km2 (4 sq mi). Fish ponds and reed beds have been restored and it is home to many types of birds. It holds a temple and several historic rural houses.
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden
- Hangzhou Zoo
- Old China Street on He Fang Street (He Fang Jie or Qing He Fang, literally 'neighbourhood along the river'), which offers various souvenirs.
- Jade Springs (Yu Quan)
- .
- Zhejiang Natural History Museumand Zhejiang Museum of Science and Technology.
- Qiandao Lake is a man-made lake with the largest number of islands in Chun'an County, under administration of the Hangzhou prefecture-level city. These islands are different in size and shape, and have distinctive scene.
- Longjing tea fields, west of the lake.[93]
- Qiantang River is the largest river in Zhejiang Province, China. Every year during August 15 to August 18 of the lunar month in China, the Qiantang Tide occurs. It is called "the Biggest Tide in the World"
- Liangzhu Cultural Site Park
In March 2013 the Hangzhou Tourism Commission started an online campaign via Facebook, the 'Modern Marco Polo' campaign. Over the next year nearly 26,000 participants applied from around the globe, in the hopes of becoming Hangzhou's first foreign tourism ambassador. In a press conference in Hangzhou on 20 May 2014, Liam Bates was announced as the successful winner and won a $55,000 contract, being the first foreigner ever to be appointed by China's government in such an official role.[94]
Song Cheng, located at No. 148 Zhijiang Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, in Hangzhou Zhijiang Tourism Resort, opened on May 18, 1996, is the first large-scale man-made theme park in Hangzhou.
Lingyin Temple was founded in the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 326). It has a history of about 1,700 years and is the earliest famous temple in Hangzhou.
The tomb of Wu Hanyue is located at the foot of Yuhuangshan Mountain in Hangzhou. The tomb is rectangular and divided into two chambers. It is 7.6 meters long, 2.87 meters wide and 3.1 meters deep. The stone doors of the front room were carved with nails and knockers, and on the doors were carved cameos of delicate statues.
Liuhe Tower, located in the Xihu District of Hangzhou, covers an area of 890 square meters, the Liuhe Tower is 59.89 meters high, the internal tower core is divided into seven floors of brick structure, the external wooden structure of the pavilion style corridor has eight sides and 13 floors.
Law
In 2019, Hangzhou established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to ecommerce and internet-related intellectual property claims.[95]: 124 Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence presented and applies relevant legal standards.[95]: 124
Religion
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Scenic places near West Lake
- Jingci Temple is located just south of West Lake.
- Lingyin Temple (Soul's Retreat) is located about 2 km (1.2 mi) west of West Lake. This is believed to be the oldest Buddhist temple in the city, which has gone through numerous destruction and reconstruction cycles.
- Baochu Pagoda is located just north of West Lake on Precious Stone Hill (宝石山)
- Yue-Wang Temple (King Yue's Temple) or Yue Fei Miao is on the northwest shore of West Lake. It was originally constructed in 1221 in memory of General Yue Fei, who died due to political persecution.
- Leifeng Pagoda, located on Sunset Hill south of West Lake.
Other religious buildings
- Liuhe Pagoda or six harmonies pagoda is located on Yuelun Hill on the north bank of Qiantang River
- Confucius Temple
- Chenghuangmiao (City God Pavilion) located on Wushan (Wu Hill)
- Dreaming of the Tiger Spring
- The Catholic churches in China, dating back 400 years to the Ming dynasty.
- Fenghuang Mosque (凤凰清真寺) is one of the oldest mosques in China, the current construction at the intersection of Xihu Avenue (西湖大道) and the Central Zhongshan Road (中山中路) dates back 700 years to the Yuan dynasty.
- Hupao Temple (虎跑寺)[96]
Islam
In 1848, during the
Judaism
As late as the latter part of the 16th and early 17th centuries, the city was an important center of Chinese Jewry, and may have been the original home of the Kaifeng Jewish community.[99]
There was formerly a Jewish synagogue in Ningbo, as well as one in Hangzhou, but no traces of them are now discoverable, and the only Jews known to exist in China were in Kaifeng.[100]
Christianity
Two of the Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism were from Hangzhou. There was persecution of Christians in the early 21st century in the city.[101]
Culture
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The native residents of Hangzhou, including those of Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu, speak the Hangzhou dialect, a Wu dialect unique to the area. Hangzhou's dialect differs from those of regions in southern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu. As the official language defined by China's central government, Mandarin is the dominant spoken language, though it is mutually unintelligible with the Hangzhou dialect. The Hangzhou dialect has an estimated total of 1.2 to 1.5 million speakers.
There are several museums located in Hangzhou including China National Silk Museum (中国丝绸博物馆), the largest silk museum in the world, China National Tea Museum (中国茶叶博物馆), and Zhejiang Provincial Museum (浙江博物馆), which has a collection of integrated human studies, exhibition and research with over 100,000 collected cultural relics.
Many theaters in Hangzhou host opera shows such as Yue opera. There are several big shows themed with the history and culture of Hangzhou like Impression West Lake and the Romance of Song Dynasty. The landscapes in Hangzhou bridges stories of celebrities in Chinese history and feelings of ordinary people visiting Hangzhou with joy and enthusiasm.[102]
Hangzhou is home to the China Academy of Art and prominent painters such as Lin Fengmian and Fang Ganmin.
The local government of Hangzhou heavily invests in promoting tourism and the arts, with emphasis placed upon
Cuisine
Hangzhou's local cuisine is often considered to be representative of Zhejiang provincial cuisine, one of China's eight fundamental cuisines. The locally accepted consensus among Hangzhou's natives defines dishes prepared in this style to be "fresh, tender, soft, and smooth, with a mellow fragrance." [citation needed]
Generally, Hangzhou's cuisines tend to be sweeter rather than savoury. The local people enjoy a light diet incorporating river fishes from the Yangtze River. There are historical stories revolving around the origins of local dishes.
Dishes such as Pian Er Chuan Noodles (片儿川),
Longjing tea is the most famous green tea and rank first among top ten famous teas in China. Those planted by the West Lake is the best Longjing tea. Tea is an important part of Hangzhou's economy and culture. Hangzhou is best known for originating Longjing, a notable variety of green tea.[103]
Transportation
Port
The Port of Hangzhou is a small river port with a cargo throughput that exceeds 100 million tons annually.[104]
Air
Hangzhou is served by the Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport, which provides direct service to many international destinations such as Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Netherlands,[105] Qatar, Portugal and the United States, as well as regional routes to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. It has an extensive domestic route network within the PRC and is consistently ranked top 10 in passenger traffic among Chinese airports.[citation needed]
Railway
Hangzhou sits on the intersecting point of some of the busiest rail corridors in China. The city's main station is Hangzhou East station (colloquially "East Station" 东站). It is one of the biggest rail traffic hubs in China, consisting of 15 platforms that house the High Speed services to Shanghai, Nanjing, Changsha, Ningbo, and beyond. The metro station beneath the rail complex building is a stop along the Hangzhou Metro Line 1 and Line 4. There are frequent departures for Shanghai with approximately 20-minute headways from 6:00 to 21:00. Non-stop CRH high-speed service between Hangzhou and Shanghai takes 50 minutes and leaves every hour (excluding a few early morning/late night departures) from both directions. Other CRH high-speed trains that stop at one or more stations along the route complete the trip in 59 to 75 minutes. Most other major cities in China can also be reached by direct train service from Hangzhou. The Hangzhou railway station (colloquially the "City Station" Chinese: 城站) was closed for renovation in mid 2013 but has recently opened again.
A second high-speed rail channel through Hangzhou is operational along with another major station, Hangzhou West, opened on September 22, 2022.[106]
Direct trains link Hangzhou with more than 50 main cities, including 12 daily services to
Coach
Central (to the east of the city centre, taking the place of the former east station), north, south, and west long-distance coach stations offer frequent coach service to nearby cities/towns within Zhejiang province, as well as surrounding provinces.
Bus
Hangzhou has a bus network consisting of a fleet of diesel, hybrid and electric buses, as well as trolleybuses. Hangzhou was once known for its extensive bus rapid transit network expanding from downtown to many suburban areas through dedicated bus lanes on some of the busiest streets in the city. However, as of mid-2021, all but one BRT routes and feeding routes had closed or been transformed to regular routes. Only route B1 is still in operation.
Cycle hire
Metro
The construction of the Metro started in March 2006, and Line 1 opened on November 24, 2012.
Taxis
Education and research
Universities
Hangzhou hosts many universities, most notably the Zhejiang University, one of the world's top 100th comprehensive public research universities.[112][113][114] Hangzhou has a large student population, with college towns such as Xiasha, located near the east end of the city, and Xiaoheshan, located near the west end of the city. Universities in Hangzhou include:
- China Academy of Art (1928)
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou City University (also known as Zhejiang University City College)
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou Medical College (2016)
- Hangzhou Normal University (1908)
- Westlake University (2018)
- Zhejiang A&F University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Gongshang University (1911, first business school in China)
- Zhejiang International Studies University (1955, also known as Zhejiang Education Institute)
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Zhejiang University (1897, one of the top universities in China.[115])
- Zhejiang University of Media and Communications(1984)
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology
- Zhejiang University of Technology (1953)
- Zhongfa Aviation Institute of Beihang University (also known as Université de l'aviation Zhongfa)
Primary and secondary schools
Provincial key Public high schools in Hangzhou include
Private high schools in Hangzhou include Hangzhou Green Town Yuhua School, Hangzhou Chinese International School, Hangzhou International School and Hangzhou Japanese School (杭州日本人学校) (nihonjin gakkō).
Research
Hangzhou is a major city for scientific research in China, ranking 9th in Asia-Oceania region and 16th globally by the Nature Index as of 2023.[10]
Twin towns – sister cities
Hangzhou is
City | Division | Country | Since |
---|---|---|---|
Sayama | Saitama Prefecture | Japan | 1978 |
Gifu |
Gifu Prefecture | Japan | 1979 |
Weert | Limburg | Netherlands | Unknown |
Boston | Massachusetts | United States | 1982 |
Baguio | N/A[116] | Philippines | 1982 |
Leeds | West Yorkshire | United Kingdom | 1988 |
Fukui |
Fukui Prefecture | Japan | 1989 |
Nice | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur | France | 1994 |
Galway | County Galway | Ireland | 1996 |
Paramaribo | Paramaribo District | Suriname | 1988 |
Budapest | N/A[117] | Hungary | 1999 |
Cape Town | Western Cape | South Africa | 2005 |
Oviedo | Principado de Asturias
|
Spain | 2006 |
Curitiba | Paraná | Brazil | 2007 |
Dresden | Saxony | Germany | 2009 |
Indianapolis | Indiana | United States | 2009 |
Oulu | Northern Ostrobothnia |
Finland | 2011 |
Atlanta | Georgia | United States | 2012 |
Hamamatsu | Shizuoka Prefecture | Japan | 2012 |
Lugano | Ticino | Switzerland | 2012[118] |
Dnipro | Dnipropetrovsk Oblast | Ukraine | 2013 |
El Calafate | Santa Cruz | Argentina | 2013 |
Split | Split-Dalmatia County | Croatia | 2014 |
Queenstown | Otago | New Zealand | 2015[119] |
Maribor | City Municipality of Maribor |
Slovenia | 2017[120] |
Greenwich | Greater London | United Kingdom | 2017[121] |
Heidelberg | Baden-Württemberg | Germany | 2018[122] |
Kota Kinabalu | Sabah | Malaysia | 2019[123][124][125] |
Tallinn | Harju County | Estonia | Unknown |
Middlesbrough | North Yorkshire | United Kingdom | Unknown |
Ancient proverbs about Hangzhou
An ancient Chinese proverb about Hangzhou and Suzhou is:
Paradise above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below. (上有天堂,下有苏杭)
This phrase has a similar meaning to the English phrases "Heaven on Earth". Marco Polo in his accounts described Suzhou as "the city of the earth" while Hangzhou is "the city of heaven".[126] The city presented itself as "Paradise on Earth" during the G20 summit held in the city in 2016.[127]
Another saying about Hangzhou is:
Be born in Suzhou, live in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, die in Liuzhou. (生在苏州,活在杭州,吃在广州,死在柳州)
The meaning here lies in the fact that Suzhou was renowned for its beautiful and highly civilized and educated citizens, Hangzhou for its scenery, Guangzhou for its food, and Liuzhou (of
Notable residents
- Jack Ma: Co-founder and executive chairman of the Alibaba Group.
- Zong Qinghou: Entrepreneur, founder, chairman and CEO of the Hangzhou Wahaha Group.
- Sun Yang: Olympic gold medalist and competitive swimmer.
- Ye Shiwen: Olympic gold medalist and competitive swimmer.
- Wu Yibing: World No.1 in the ITF juniors ranking and professional tennis player.
- Li Wenhan: Singer, actor, member of boy groups UNIQ and UNINE.
- Li Xiuqin: sculptor, professor, and academy sculpture department co-director[128]
- Yuan Li: Actress.
- Hu Yitian: Actor.
- Wang Yiren: Singer and member of Everglow.
- Chen Yufei: Former World No.1 in the BWF seniors ranking, olympic gold medalist and professional badminton player.
- Yu Dafu: A modern Chinese writer and revolutionary martyr.
- Lu Guanqiu: Chairman of Wanxiang Group, the most famous private entrepreneur.
- Zhang Kangkang—female writer.
- Zhu Bingren: China's only national master of copper art and national non-genetic inheritor.
- Tang Wei: famous actress.
- He Zhuoyan—actor
- Xu Xinliu (Singloh Hsu), banker[129]
See also
- Historical capitals of China
- Jiangnan
- Lingyin Temple and Haichao Temple, both in Hangzhou.
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- Suzhou numerals – in the Unicode standard version 3.0, these characters are incorrectly named Hangzhou style numerals
Notes
- ^ /hɑːŋˈdʒoʊ/ hahng-JOH[6][7] or /hæŋˈdʒoʊ/ hang-JOH;[8] Chinese: 杭州, Wu Chinese pronunciation: [ɦɑ̃.tse], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [xǎŋ.ʈʂóʊ] ⓘ), also romanized as Hangchow
- Hangzhounese pronunciation of the town's name.[41]
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Further reading
- Cotterell, Arthur (2007). The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. London: Pimlico. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-84595-009-5.
- Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
External links
- Hangzhou Government website
- Arts Crafts Museum Hangzhou in Google Cultural Institute
- EN.GOTOHZ.COM Archived July 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – The Official Website of Hangzhou Tourism Commission
- TRAVELWESTLAKE Archived July 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – The Official Travel Guide of Hangzhou
- TRAVELZHEJIANG – The Official Travel Guide of Zhejiang Province
- Geographic data related to Hangzhou at OpenStreetMap