Young Latvians
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New Latvians (
Beginnings
Though the New Latvians can be seen as part of a primarily cultural and literary movement, their cause had significant political ramifications due to the socio-economic conditions then prevailing in Latvia (part of the
Leaders
Valdemārs is seen as the spiritual father of the Awakening. With Alunāns, he led student gatherings while at Tartu and advocated the study of
Directions and divisions
Defining the movement in retrospect in 1889, Pumpurs wrote: "Those in the grouping that for twenty-five years fought for freedom were called the New Latvians. Their fate was almost always the same. Without a homeland, their people devoid of rights, without goods or sustenance, often without lodging and without bread, they were doomed to wandering. All doors were locked before them, and they were prevented from finding residences or jobs. With a heavy heart they left their beloved homeland and went abroad, into the interior of Russia, searching for sustenance and at the same time gathering knowledge."
In fact, close to half of the ethnic Latvians who received a higher education were forced to seek work in Russia. As Švābe saw it: "With their selfish and shortsighted politics, the [Baltic] German aristocracy and bourgeoisie pressure Latvians into
Though one stream of the National Awakening was at first centered in Tartu, moved to St. Petersburg, and later shifted to Moscow, in the late 1860s Lettophiles finally succeeded in establishing themselves in Latvia, by founding a relief fund for victims of the famine in Estonia and Finland in 1867 and receiving permission to establish the Riga Latvian Association a year later. Similar associations followed in other towns, the Rīga original receiving the hypocorisma "mommy" ("māmuļa"). The Rīga Latvian Association staged the first Latvian play, held the first conference of Latvian teachers, and organized the first Latvian song festival in 1873.
Valdemārs engaged in polemics with Keuchel (the author of "sei ein Unding"), penning Nationale Bestrebungen in German as a response to his critics. A pragmatist and materialist, Valdemārs -- in exile and under police supervision in Moscow -- came further under the influence of the Slavophiles, working for the publisher
Legacy
The efforts by Barons and other Young Latvians to collect folklore and dainas became vital for the forming of the Baltic neopagan movement Dievturība, which was created in the 1920s by Ernests Brastiņš and Kārlis Marovskis-Bregžis.[1]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-1-8446-5663-9.
Sources
- Anderson, Edgar. "Arveds Svabe, 1888-1959". Journal of Central European Affairs (1960), Vol. 20 Issue 1, pp 84-90.
- Arnolds Spekke: History of Latvia: An Outline. Stockholm: M. Goppers/Zelta Ābele, 1951.
- Alfred Bilmanis: A History of Latvia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.
- Arveds Švābe: Latvijas vēsture 1800-1914. Uppsala: Daugava, 1958.
- Arveds Švābe, ed.: Latvju enciklopēdija. Stockholm: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952-1953.
- Uldis Ģērmanis: Latviešu tautas piedzīvojumi. Ann Arbor: Ceļinieks, 1974.
- Agnis Balodis: Latvijas un latviešu tautas vēsture. Rīga: Kabata, 1991.
- Teodors Zeiferts: Latviešu rakstniecības vēsture. Rīga: 1922 -- available at http://www.ailab.lv/Teksti/Senie/Zeiferts/zeifsat.htm
- Ernests Blanks: Latvju tautas ceļš uz neatkarīgu valsti. Västerås: Ziemeļbāzma, 1970.
- Ilga Apine: Latvija 19. gadsimta otrajā pusē Archived 2004-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23. VI. 2005. (archived at [1])
- Maksim Kirčanov, Zemnieki, latvieši, pilsoņi: identičnost, nacionalizm i modernizacija v Latvii (Voronezh, 2009. 204 s.)
- Jānis A. Krēsliņš: Recent Publications on Baltic History. Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.
- Arturs Priedītis: Latvijas kultūras vēsture. Daugavpils: A.K.A., 2000. ISBN 9984-582-11-6(Includes summaries in Russian and English.)
- Viktors Hausmanis, ed.: Latviešu rakstniecība biogrāfijās. Rīga: LZA, 1992.
- Jānis Rozenbergs: "Fricis Brīvzemnieks -- latviešu folkloristikas pamatlicējs." Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine (Includes a brief summary in English.) Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
- The Latvian Education Informatization System Archived 2005-02-05 at the Wayback Machine offers extensive information on the Young Latvians and their contributions to linguistics, e.g. "Jaunlatvieši un latviešu valodas attīstība," Archived 2012-07-16 at the Wayback Machine ("The Young Latvians and the Development of the Latvian Language"). Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
External links
- Enciklopēdija internetā. Archived 2004-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.