Youth in Cambodia
Youth in Cambodia (under age thirty) make up 65.3% of Cambodia's 14,805,000 people.[1] Twenty-six percent of Cambodians are between the ages of 14 and 30 and another 30% are under 14.[2] All of the youth in the country are second and third generation offspring of survivors of the Khmer Rouge, a genocide that occurred from 1975-1979.[2] Roughly 20% of the population resides in its cities, mostly in Phnom Penh, the capital.[3]
Childhood to adolescence
A Cambodian child may be nursed until he or she is between two and four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom, and there is little corporal punishment conducted in Cambodia. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings and help with tasks around the home. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing.[4]
By the time they reach the age of seven or eight, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward
Formerly, and still in some rural areas, a ceremony marked the entrance of a girl into puberty. Upon the onset of menstruation, a girl would participate in a ritual called chol mlup (entering the shadow). Certain foods were taboo at this time, and she would be isolated from her family for a period of a few days to six months. After the period of seclusion, she was considered marriageable.[4]
In pre-
Education
Adolescent children are usually segregated in school by sex, because they want this to be a place for education and not entertainment or romance. Thinking that sex education would lead to desire and trouble.[6] The main exception to this occurs during festivals, especially the New Year Festival, when boys and girls take part in group games.[4]
In recent years they have had a rapid increase in enrollment rates in primary education with 91.3% of youth attending.[7] However, these high enrolment rates are offset by low completion rates, 46.8%, meaning nearly half who initially enrolled, dropped out before they reached grade six.[7] Many Cambodians see school as only preparing them for more school, which many cannot financially afford.[7]
Between the ages of seven and nineteen, but most commonly after the eleventh birthday, a boy may become a Theravada temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk. Having a son chosen for such a position is a great honor for the parents, and earns the individual son much merit.[4]
The history of the recent genocide (1975-1979) has not been fully communicated to the future generations, partly because history books were manipulated to create support for the government in power.[2] After the Khmer Rouge and into the 90's students were taught limited reading and writing skills, and most of their knowledge about the genocide was from first hand accounts their teachers would share with them.[2] Because of the controlled environment in school, parents are the primary source of information on the genocide.[2]
From 2005-2009 Cambodia created a “Policy for Curriculum Development” that was enacted with the intentions to include
Sexual reproductive health
Availability of education and
HIV rates in Cambodia are low in comparison to most of the world. 0.49% youth age 15-24 have HIV.[8] This is partially due to low rates of sexual activity outside of marriage. Eight percent of women have their first child between the ages of 15-19.[8] Only 1.9% of these women in 2010 used modern contraceptives.[8]
Labor and employment
Child labor rates in Cambodia are among the highest in
Historical context shaping Cambodia
After the Khmer Rouge in 1975-1979, Cambodia had to completely rebuild their society, including how they raised their families and worked as a society. Recently in 2003 they have been working to be more independent and rely less on NGO's for money to support healthcare, education, social welfare and rural development.[9]
References
- ^ "About Cambodia:UNDP in Cambodia". United Nations Development Programme.
- ^ .
- ^ "World Statistics Pocketbook: Cambodia". United Nations.
- ^ a b c d e f Federal Research Division. Russell R. Ross, ed. "Families". Cambodia: A Country Study. Research completed December 1987. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men". Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ Welaratna, Usha. Beyond the Killing Fields: Voices of Nine Cambodian Survivors in America. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1993. Print.
- ^ doi:10.1002/jid.1767.
- ^ a b c d e f g Liliestrand, Vathny (2012). "Efforts to Expand Youth-Friendly Services in Cambodia". ARROWs for Change. 18 (2): 15–16.
- ISBN 9780786733156.