Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga
Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga (literally: Samogitian and Lithuanian Review, original spelling: Żemajczių ir Lietuwos Apżwałga), often abbreviated as Apžvalga, was a
History
Lithuanian clergy published their own periodical
Content
Overall, the tone of Apžvalga was rough and combative.[5] Apžvalga considered the Catholic faith to be the cornerstone of the Lithuanian national identity and spent its energy on defending the faith against the various Russification policies. It frequently attacked the Tsarist government – not only the local administration (as other Lithuanian newspapers), but also the central government in Saint Petersburg.[3] Its complaints centered around the anti-Catholic campaigns and promotion of Eastern Orthodoxy. It encouraged readers to actively resist Russian officials (e.g. forcibly remove Russian policemen from churches where they searched for Lithuanian prayer books) and boycott Russian primary schools. It encouraged Kražiai residents to protest the closure of the local church and monastery and fiercely criticized the Kražiai massacre in November 1893.[3] After the death of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, instead of publishing his obituary, Apžvalga published a list of various anti-Catholic and anti-Lithuanian policies adopted during his reign.[5] Priests Kazimieras Pakalniškis and Adomas Jakštas debated the issue of Russian officials visiting local clergy houses: Pakalniškis argued that to keep the police on friendly terms, priests could offer a bottle of vodka or a bribe of a few rubles, while Jakštas argued against such practices.[5]
Apžvalga also criticized
Editors and contributors
The newspaper was printed in a press owned by Otto von Mauderode in Tilsit (present-day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast). Because the newspaper was printed in East Prussia, it needed to have official editors who were residents of East Prussia. Its official editors were Enzys Jagomastas (first 18 issues), Mikelis Kiošis (1890, 1892–1895), and priest H. Wischmann from Žibai and Šilgaliai[7] (1891, 1896; Lithuanian spelling of the last name: Vychmanas).[3] The actual editors were Juozas Angrabaitis who worked at the Mauderode's press as a proofreader but had to flee to Kraków (then in Austria-Hungary) to avoid the German police, priest Pranas Urbanavičius who lived near Gargždai next to the Prussia–Russia border, and priest Kazimieras Pakalniškis known by his pen name Dėdė Atanazas.[3]
Almost half of the contributors were not members of the clergy. The contributors included Antanas Baranauskas, Jonas Basanavičius, Adomas Jakštas, Maironis, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Antanas Milukas. Because the publication was illegal, as contributors used various pen names which makes author identification difficult. In total, Apžvalga had about a third less contributors than Varpas in the same period.[3]
References
- ISBN 0-88033-457-6.
- ISBN 9955-456-49-3.
- ^ ISSN 0002-208X.
- ^ "Žemaiczių ir Lietuvos apžvalga. - 1889-1896". Virtuali elektroninio paveldo sistema (e-paveldas.lt) (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ ISSN 0002-208X.
- ^ ISBN 9986-9216-9-4.
- ISBN 978-5-420-01658-9.