1990–91 S.L. Benfica season

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
UEFA Cup
Second round
Top goalscorerLeague: Rui Águas (25)
All: Rui Águas (26)

The 1990–91 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica's 87th season in existence and the club's 57th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football, covering the period from 1 July 1990 to 30 June 1991. Benfica competed domestically in the Primeira Divisão and the Taça de Portugal, and participated in the UEFA Cup after finishing second in the previous league.

With only a

Roma, so all attentions were pointed on the league title. A strong campaign witnessed Benfica overtake Porto in February and then close the title with an away win in the Clássico, a controversial match because of the tactics employed by Porto to destabilize the team. On late May, Benfica secured their 29th league title, while Rui Águas won the Bola de Prata
for league top-scorer.

Season summary

Benfica started the new season after having lost their fifth

Isaías and Stefan Schwarz.[4][8][9][10] Tomas Brolin was also a target but Eriksson thought he was not ready to play for a club like Benfica.[6]

The pre-season started in Portugal on 16 July, followed by a tour in Sweden from 22 July to 5 August.[6] Benfica would then play a presentation game on the 9th with Belenenses,[11] take part on the Teresa Herrera Trophy from 17 until 19th, and closed pre-season with a match against Roma on the 22nd.[6] The league campaign started in the best of terms as the team racked up wins in September and October.[12][13] However, in Europe Benfica did not fare as well and were knocked-out of the UEFA Cup by Roma in the first round.[14]

With only the domestic competitions to fight for, Benfica lost for the first and only time in the league on 3 November in

Vitória played very aggressively, injuring three players from Benfica within the first 35 minutes: first Stefan Schwarz, followed by Fernando Mendes and then Vítor Paneira. They were forced to play with only 10 men for remaining 55 minutes, since they spent its two substitutions on Schwarz and Mendes.[12] Benfica reacted with four consecutive wins until the Clássico where it draw 2–2 in another violent match.[12] They followed with an away win in Alvalade, but lost a point with Farense who played their home match in Estádio do Bonfim to intimidate Benfica after they recent loss there.[12]

Lapping the first round only two points behind Porto, Benfica only lost two points from two draws in the final 19 matches, and won every game from match-day 23 to 34, including a title defining Clássico in Estádio das Antas.[12] The match was highly controversial because of the war-like tactics that Porto employed: Rocks were thrown at the team bus; the players had to walk to the locker room between a corridor of angry Porto fans; the locker room was sprayed with a chemical that made it impossible to use, with Benfica being forced to get dressed in the access tunnel; the pitch was flooded to prevent the ball from rolling.[16] Pinto da Costa allegedly said to Eriksson "Mr. Eriksson, I like you, but war is war".[16][17] Despite this, Benfica won 2–0 with goals from César Brito and opened a three-point gap.[18][19] A few days before, Porto had beat Benfica by 2–1 for the Portuguese Cup, eliminating them.[14]

Despite a home draw with Sporting in the aftermath of the Clássico, Benfica did not let the title slip and on 26 May it won its 29th league title.[18][19] William played every minute of the campaign, narrowly surpassing Rui Águas, who collected the Bola de Prata for his 25 league goals.[18] According to Eriksson, he should have left then, on a high.[20]

Competitions

  Win   Draw   Loss   Postponed

Overall record

Competition First match Last match Record
G W D L GF GA GD Win % Source
Primeira Divisão 25 August 1990 26 May 1991 38 32 5 1 89 18 +71 084.21 [21]
Taça de Portugal 27 February 1991 17 April 1991 4 3 0 1 9 5 +4 075.00 [21]
UEFA Cup 19 September 1990 3 October 1990 2 0 0 2 0 2 −2 000.00 [21]
Total 44 35 5 4 98 25 +73 079.55

Primeira Divisão

League table

Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation
1 Benfica (C) 38 32 5 1 89 18 +71 69 Qualification to European Cup first round
2 Porto 38 31 5 2 77 22 +55 67 Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round[a]
3
Sporting CP
38 24 8 6 58 23 +35 56 Qualification to UEFA Cup first round
4 Boavista 38 15 11 12 53 46 +7 41
5 Salgueiros 38 12 12 14 32 48 −16 36
Source: Primeira Divisão
Rules for classification: 1st points, 2nd head-to-head, 3rd goals average
(C) Champions
Notes:
  1. Portuguese Cup winners

Results by round

Round1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738
Ground
A
H
ResultWWWWDWWWWLWWWWDWDWWWWDWWWWWWWWWWWWDWWW
Position22233322233332222222221111111111111111

A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss

Matches

Benfica v Gil Vicente
18 August 1990[nb 1] 1 Benfica Postponed Gil Vicente Lisbon
Stadium: Estádio da Luz
25 August 1990 2 Vitória de Guimarães 0–2 Benfica Braga
19:45 Report Schwarz 4'
Jonas Thern 43'
Stadium: Estádio 1º de Maio
Referee: José Pratas
2 September 1990 3 Benfica 2–0 Penafiel Lisbon
19:00 Rui Águas 40', 55' Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Juvenal Silvestre
15 September 1990 4 Salgueiros 0–3 Benfica Maia
19:00 Report
Isaías
51', 85'
Stadium: Estádio Prof. Dr. José Vieira de Carvalho
Referee: Fortunato Azevedo
23 September 1990 5 Benfica 1–1 Boavista Lisbon
20:00 Rui Águas 2' Report Phil Walker 19' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Rosa Santos
29 September 1990 6 Belenenses 0–2 Benfica Lisbon
20:15 Report Ricardo Gomes 18'
Rui Águas 53'
Stadium: Estádio do Restelo
Referee: Miranda de Sousa
7 October 1990 7 Benfica 4–0 Estrela da Amadora Lisbon
20:00
Valdo
75'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Ezequiel Feijão
21 October 1990 8 União da Madeira 0–2 Benfica Funchal
19:00 Report Ricardo Gomes 13'
Schwarz 15'
Stadium:
Estádio dos Barreiros

Referee: Mário Leal
27 October 1990 9 Benfica 3–0 Nacional Lisbon
19:30 Rui Águas 24'
Schwarz 49', 76'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Carlos Valente
31 October 1990 1 Benfica 3–0 Gil Vicente Lisbon
20:00 Vítor Paneira 18'
Ricardo Gomes 48'
Rui Águas 62' (pen.)
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Miranda de Sousa
3 November 1990 10 Vitória de Setúbal 2–0 Benfica Setúbal
20:15 Jorge Ferreira 7'
Adelino Nunes 72'
Report Stadium: Estádio do Bonfim
Referee: Soares Dias
10 November 1990 11 Benfica 1–0 Famalicão Lisbon
19:00 Rui Águas 67' Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: José Filipe
14 November 1990 12 Braga 1–3 Benfica Braga
19:45 Nedialko Mladenov 44' Report
Pacheco 20'
Rui Águas
62', 86'
Stadium: Estádio 1º de Maio
Referee: José Pratas
18 November 1990 13 Benfica 1–0 Desportivo de Chaves Lisbon
20:00 Rui Águas 67' Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: João Mesquita
24 November 1990 14 Tirsense 1–3 Benfica Santo Tirso
19:15 Lay 86' (pen.) Report
Isaías
70'
Stadium: Estádio Abel Alves de Figueiredo
Referee: Carlos Valente
2 December 1990 15 Benfica 2–2 Porto Lisbon
20:00 Ricardo Gomes 11'
Rui Águas 68'
Report Domingos Paciência 57'
Kostadinov 72'
Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Rosa Santos
Farense v Benfica
15 December 1990 17 Farense 2–2 Benfica Setúbal
20:15 Pitico 7'
Curcic
9'
Report Vata 45', 47' Stadium: Estádio do Bonfim
Referee: Fortunato Azevedo
23 December 1990 18 Benfica 3–1 Marítimo Lisbon
19:00
Valdo
80'
Report Guedes 65' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Donato Ramos
30 December 1990 19 Beira-Mar 0–1 Benfica Aveiro
20:15 Report Vítor Paneira 12' Stadium: Estádio Mário Duarte
Referee: José Pratas
6 January 1991 20 Gil Vicente 2–3 Benfica Barcelos
20:15 Zé Carlos 58' (pen.)
Rosado 84'
Report
William
44'
Stadium: Estádio Adelino Ribeiro Novo
Referee: Rosa Santos
12 January 1991 21 Benfica 2–0 Vitória Guimarães Lisbon
19:30 Vítor Paneira 10'
Erwin Sánchez 65'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Miranda de Sousa
27 January 1991 22 Penafiel 1–1 Benfica Penafiel
19:00 Abel Silva 62' Report Jonas Thern 2' Stadium: Estádio Municipal 25 de Abril
Referee: Juvenal Silvestre
2 February 1991 23 Benfica 4–0 Salgueiros Lisbon
19:45 Vítor Paneira 61', 89'
Rui Águas 72'
Magnusson 82'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Veiga Trigo
24 February 1991 24 Boavista 1–2 Benfica Porto
20:00 Nélson Bertollazzi 56' (pen.) Report Jonas Thern 43'
Rui Águas 84'
Stadium: Estádio do Bessa
Referee: Rosa Santos
10 March 1991 26 Estrela da Amadora 1–4 Benfica Amadora
20:30
Ricky
32'
Report
William 61'
Rui Águas 75'
Valério 86' (o.g.
)
Stadium: Estádio José Gomes
Referee: Pinto Correia
17 March 1991 27 Benfica 4–1 União da Madeira Lisbon
20:00 Ricardo Gomes 44', 71'
Rui Águas 69'
Vítor Paneira 76'
Report Lepinjica 67' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Fortunato Azevedo
23 March 1991 28 Nacional 0–2 Benfica Funchal
19:00 Report Vítor Paneira 3'
Paulo Sousa Red card 49'
César Brito 76'
Stadium:
Estádio dos Barreiros
Referee: Carlos Valente
30 March 1991 29 Benfica 2–0 Vitória de Setúbal Lisbon
19:00 César Brito 11'
Rui Águas 72' (pen.)
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: João Simãozinho
3 April 1991 30 Famalicão 1–3 Benfica Famalicão
20:00 Leomir de Souza Red card 22'
Milton Cacioli 90' (pen.)
Report
Pacheco 89' (pen.
)
Stadium: Estádio Municipal 22 de Junho
Referee: Veiga Trigo
7 April 1991 31 Benfica 2–0 Braga Lisbon
19:00
Pacheco
32'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Carlos Calheiros
13 April 1991 32 Desportivo de Chaves 0–3 Benfica Chaves
19:00 Report
Pacheco 77'
Jonas Thern
87'
Stadium:
Estádio Municipal de Chaves

Referee: Fortunato Azevedo
21 April 1991 33 Benfica 5–0 Tirsense Lisbon
19:45 Paulo Pires 44' ( 85' Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Adão Mendes
28 April 1991 34 Porto 0–2 Benfica Porto
20:30 Report César Brito 81', 85' Stadium: Estádio das Antas
Referee: Carlos Valente
5 May 1991 35
Sporting
Lisbon
20:00
Isaías
86'
Report Litos 80' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Vítor Correia
12 May 1991 36 Benfica 2–0 Farense Lisbon
20:00
Pacheco
43'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: António Rola
19 May 1991 37 Marítimo 0–2 Benfica Funchal
19:00 Report
William 39'
Rui Águas
84'
Stadium:
Estádio dos Barreiros
Referee: José Pratas
26 May 1991 38 Benfica 3–0 Beira Mar Lisbon
19:45 Magnusson 70'
Rui Águas 77', 89'
Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Fortunato Azevedo

Taça de Portugal

27 February 1991 Fifth Rd Benfica 4–1 União de Tomar Lisbon
19:45
Isaías
87'
Report Moreno 68' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Xavier de Oliveira
13 March 1991 Sixth Rd Vitória de Setúbal 2–3 Benfica Setúbal
20:15
Jorge Silva 60'
Mladenov 76' (pen.
)
Report Magnusson 55', 71'
Vítor Paneira 73'
Stadium: Estádio do Bonfim
Referee: Bento Marques
27 March 1991 Seventh Rd Benfica 1–0 Marítimo Lisbon
20:30 Magnusson 47' Report Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: José Filipe
17 April 1991 Quarter-final Porto 2–1 Benfica Porto
21:00 Domingos 45', 80' Report Rui Águas 30' Stadium: Estádio das Antas
Referee: Rosa Santos

UEFA Cup

3 October 1990 Second leg
Roma
Lisbon
20:30 Report Giannini 27'
Carboni Red card 65'
Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Attendance: 50,000
Referee: Aron Schmidhuber

Friendlies

[23]

25 July 1990[24] Degerfors 1–0 Benfica Degerfors
Roger Wermer 4' Stadium: Stora Valla
1 August 1990[26] Borås XI 0–9 Benfica Borås
Stadium: Ryavallen
4 August 1990[27] Trönninge 0–10 Benfica Varberg
Pacheco
César Brito
Stadium: Håstens IP
17 August 1990
Bayern Munich
A Coruña
19:30 Stefan Schwarz
Rui Águas
Alan McInally Stadium: Estadio Riazor
Referee: Miguel Angel Marin
19 August 1990[22] Teresa Herrera Barcelona 2–0 Benfica A Coruña
19:30
Goikoetxea
68'
Stadium: Estadio Riazor
Referee: Urizar Aziparte
Benfica v Estrela da Amadora
7 September 1990[30] Taça de Honra Benfica 1–0 Estrela da Amadora Lisbon
Vata 1' Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Fernando Correia
9 September 1990
Sporting
Lisbon
Careca
22'
Stadium: Estádio da Luz
Referee: Sepa Santos
10 February 1991 Benfica 8–0 Bern Lisbon
Stadium: Estádio da Luz
12 June 1991 Toronto Cup
Milan
Toronto
16 June 1991 Toronto Cup Benfica 2–1 Canada All-Stars Vancouver

Player statistics

The squad for the season consisted of the players listed in the tables below, as well as staff member Sven-Goran Eriksson (manager) and Toni (assistant manager).[21][18]

Note 1: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Note 2: Players with squad numbers marked ‡ joined the club during the 1990-91 season via transfer, with more details in the following section.

No. Pos Nat Player Total Primeira Divisão Taça de Portugal UEFA Cup
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
1 GK Portugal POR Manuel Bento 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 GK Portugal POR Silvino 23 0 17 0 4 0 2 0
1 GK Portugal POR
Neno
21 0 21 0 0 0 0 0
2 DF Portugal POR António Veloso 41 0 36 0 3 0 2 0
2 DF Portugal POR
José Carlos
30 1 26 1 4 0 0 0
2 DF Portugal POR Fernando Mendes 13 1 10 0 1 1 2 0
3 DF Brazil BRA Ricardo Gomes 39 9 36 9 2 0 1 0
4 DF Brazil BRA
William
43 4 38 4 3 0 2 0
4 MF Portugal POR Rui Bento 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 DF Portugal POR Samuel Quina 12 0 10 0 1 0 1 0
5 DF Portugal POR Paulo Madeira 12 0 8 0 2 0 2 0
5 MF Sweden SWE Stefan Schwarz 10 4 9 4 0 0 1 0
6 DF Portugal POR Paulo Sousa 42 0 37 0 3 0 2 0
6 MF Portugal POR Hernâni Neves 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
7 MF Portugal POR Vítor Paneira 41 10 36 9 3 1 2 0
8 MF Sweden SWE Jonas Thern 25 4 23 4 1 0 1 0
8 MF Bolivia BOL Erwin Sánchez 17 1 15 1 2 0 0 0
8 MF Portugal POR
António Pacheco
33 8 28 8 4 0 1 0
9 FW Portugal POR Rui Águas 42 26 37 25 3 1 2 0
9 FW Angola ANG Vata 11 3 11 3 0 0 0 0
9 FW Brazil BRA
Adesvaldo Lima
5 0 4 0 0 0 1 0
10 MF Brazil BRA
Valdo Filho
30 4 26 4 2 0 2 0
11 FW Sweden SWE Mats Magnusson 17 8 14 3 3 5 0 0
11 MF Brazil BRA
Isaías
30 6 24 5 4 1 2 0
11 FW Portugal POR César Brito 22 7 19 7 3 0 0 0

Transfers

In

Entry date Position Player From club Fee Ref
18 May 1990 MF
Isaías
Boavista Undisclosed [10]
30 May 1990 FW Rui Águas Porto Free [7]
7 June 1990 MF Stefan Schwarz Malmö FF Undisclosed [4]
8 June 1990 GK
Neno
Vitória de Guimarães Undisclosed [9]
9 August 1990 DF
William
Vitória de Guimarães Undisclosed [8]
9 August 1990[nb 2] MF Erwin Sánchez Bolívar Undisclosed [31]

Out

Exit date Position Player To club Fee Ref
30 May 1990 LB António Fonseca Vitória de Guimarães Free [7]
31 May 1990 MF Ademir Alcântara Boavista Undisclosed [32]
7 June 1990 LB Álvaro Magalhães Estrela da Amadora Free [4]
7 June 1990 FW Abel Campos Estrela da Amadora Free [4]
29 June 1990 CB Aldair
Roma
5 million [2]
10 July 1991 MF Fernando Chalana
Belenenses
Free [5]
27 July 1990 MF Diamantino Miranda Vitória Setúbal Free [3]
July 1990 DF Paulinho
Estoril-Praia
Free

Out by loan

Exit date Position Player To club Return date Ref
9 July 1990 CB Pedro Valido Gil Vicente 30 June 1991 [33]
July 1990 AM Rui Costa AD Fafe 30 June 1991
July 1990 FW João Pires
Estoril-Praia
30 June 1991
July 1990 CB Abel Silva Penafiel 30 June 1991

Notes

  1. ^ Postponed due to Benfica's request[22]
  2. ^ Sánchez arrived months earlier for tryouts

References

  1. ^ Tovar 2012, p. 492.
  2. ^ a b "Aldair: o salto do Roma" [Aldair: the leap to Roma]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23271. 29 June 1990. p. 27. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ a b "Diamantino regressa ás origens" [Diamantino returns to his roots]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23291. 27 July 1990. p. 23. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e "Aumentam as trocas" [Trades increase]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23257. 7 June 1990. p. 25. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Aí vem o futebol" [Here comes the football]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23278. 10 July 1990. p. 26. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b c d "Na Luz: palmas para Rui Águas" [In Luz: applause to Rui Águas]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23282. 16 July 1990. p. 23. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  7. ^ a b c "Técnicos e jogadores mudam de patrão" [Coaches and players change clubs]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23251. 30 May 1990. p. 25. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ a b "William ingressou no Benfica" [William signs with Benfica]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23300. 9 August 1990. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Benfica: Diamantino e Chalana na lista de dispensas" [Benfica:Diamantino and Chalana released]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23258. 8 June 1990. p. 27. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  10. ^ a b "Isaias no Benfica". Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23243. 18 May 1990. p. 25. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ "Benfica-Belenenses hoje no Estádio da Luz" [Benfica-Belenenses today in Luz]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23300. 9 August 1990. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e Miguéns 2005, p. 86.
  13. ^ Tovar 2012, p. 502.
  14. ^ a b Tovar 2012, p. 506.
  15. ^ Tovar 2012, p. 503.
  16. ^ a b Eriksson 2013, p. 105.
  17. ^ Tovar 2012, p. 501.
  18. ^ a b c d Miguéns 2005, p. 87.
  19. ^ a b Quidnovi 2004, p. 88.
  20. ^ Eriksson 2013, p. 106.
  21. ^ a b c d Tovar 2012, p. 507.
  22. ^ a b c "Benfica regressou sem a "Copa"" [Benfica returns without "Cup"]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23306. 20 August 1990. p. 26. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ António Manuel Morais; Carlos Perdigão; João Loureiro; José de Oliveira Santos (1994). Benfica: 90 Anos de História (in Portuguese). SOGAPAL. p. 260.
  24. ^ "Eriksson abre temporada benfiquista perdendo no estádio onde começou" [Eriksson opens Benfica pre-season by losing in the stadium where he started]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23290. 26 July 1990. p. 24. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ "Benfica:Eriksson testa plantel" [Benfica: Eriksson tests squad]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23292. 30 July 1990. p. 27. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ "Benfica "chapa nova"" [Benfica wins again]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23295. 2 August 1990. p. 23.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Futebol por cá" [Football in Portugal]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23297. 6 August 1990. p. 26. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  28. ^ "Quarenta artistas em palco" [Forty artists in play]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23301. 10 August 1990. p. 27. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ "Benfica e Roma esconderam o jogo" [Benfica and Roma hide the game]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23309. 23 August 1990. p. 23. Retrieved 29 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ a b "Sporting: Honra entre os lisboetas" [Sporting: Honour amoeng Lisboetas]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23321. 10 September 1990. p. 18. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  31. ^ "Quarenta artistas em palco" [Forty artists on stage] (in Portuguese). No. 23301. 10 August 1990. p. 27. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  32. ^ "Trocas e Baldarocas" [Trades and more trades]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23252. 31 May 1990. p. 24. Retrieved 6 August 2016.[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ "Diamantino: Setúbal, Amadora ou Belém?" [Diamantino: to Setúbal, Amadora or Belém?]. Diário de Lisboa (in Portuguese). No. 23277. 9 July 1990. p. 27. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2016.

Bibliography