Porto

Coordinates: 41°9′43.71″N 8°37′19.03″W / 41.1621417°N 8.6219528°W / 41.1621417; -8.6219528
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Porto
Oporto
Municipality
Brandmark
Nickname(s): 
A Cidade Invicta ("The Undefeated City"), A Cidade da Virgem ("The City of the Virgin") The Sandwich of Europe. (Vlog usage)
Motto(s): 
Antiga, Mui Nobre, Sempre Leal e Invicta (Ancient, Most Noble, Always Loyal and Undefeated)
Map
Location of Porto
Coordinates: 41°9′43.71″N 8°37′19.03″W / 41.1621417°N 8.6219528°W / 41.1621417; -8.6219528
Country 
Patron Saint
Our Lady of Vendôme
Municipal Holidays24 June (São João)
Websitewww.cm-porto.pt
Geographic detail from CAOP (2010)[3] produced by Instituto Geográfico Português (IGP)
Official nameHistoric Centre of Oporto, Luís I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar
Criteriaiv
Reference755
Inscription1996 (20th Session)

Porto (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu] ), also known as Oporto,[a] is the second largest city in Portugal after Lisbon. It is the capital of the Porto District and one of the Iberian Peninsula's major urban areas. Porto city proper, which is the entire municipality of Porto, is small compared to its metropolitan area, with an estimated population of just 237,559 people in a municipality with only 41.42 km2 (16 sq mi).[1][10] Porto's metropolitan area has around 1.7 million people (2021)[1] in an area of 2,395 km2 (925 sq mi),[11] making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal.[12][13][14] It is recognized as a global city with a Gamma + rating from the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[15]

Located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centers and its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as the "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar". The historic area is also a National Monument of Portugal.[16] The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale,[17] has been referred to as the origin of the name Portugal, based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin.

the Portuguese Way path of the Camino de Santiago
.

History

Early history

Proto-Celtic and Celtic people were among the first known inhabitants of the area. Ruins of that period have been discovered in several areas.[citation needed] Archaeological findings reveal that there were also human settlements at the mouth of the Douro River as early as the 8th century BC, which hints at a Phoenician trading settlement there.[21]

During the period of

Visigothic times, and a center for the expansion of Christianity during that period.[22]

Porto Cathedral, Sé do Porto, built in the 12th century, with Baroque and 20th-century modifications

Porto fell under the control of the Muslims during the

Douro River: the settlement of Portus Cale and the area that is known as Vila Nova de Gaia. Portus Cale, later referred to as Portucale, was the origin for the modern name of Portugal.[25] In 868, Count Vímara Peres established the County of Portugal, or (Portuguese: Condado de Portucale), usually known as Condado Portucalense, after repopulating the region north of Douro.[21]

In 1093,

Alfonso VI of Castile, married Henry of Burgundy, bringing the County of Portugal as dowry. This Condado Portucalense became the focus of what has been called the Reconquista, and later became the independent Kingdom of Portugal, after eventually expanding to its current frontiers into the south as it conquered territory inhabited by the Moors for centuries, under the reign of King Afonso I of Portugal
at the beginning of the 12th century.

In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of

John of Gaunt; this symbolized a long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England.[26] The Portuguese-English alliance (see the Treaty of Windsor) is the world's oldest recorded military alliance.[27][28]

Foz neighbourhood, along the coast
A street in Porto

In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. Also from the port of Porto, in 1415, Prince

conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta, in northern Morocco.[29][30] This expedition by the king and his fleet, which included Prince Henry, was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese Age of Discovery. The nickname given to the people of Porto began in those days; Portuenses are to this day, colloquially, referred to as tripeiros (tripe peoples), referring to this period of history, when higher-quality cuts of meat were shipped from Porto with their sailors, while off-cuts and by-products, such as tripe, were left behind for the citizens of Porto; tripe remains a culturally important dish
in modern-day Porto.

18th century

By the 13th century, the wine produced in the

Marquis of Pombal established a Portuguese firm receiving the monopoly of the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality; this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe.[citation needed] The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on Shrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of this firm. The revolt was called Revolta dos Borrachos (revolt of the drunkards).[citation needed
]

Between 1732 and 1763, Italian architect Nicolau Nasoni designed a baroque church with a tower that became its architectural and visual icon: the Torre dos Clérigos (English: Clerics' Tower). During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and its size and population increased.[citation needed]

19th century

The invasion of the

Ponte D. Luis I. The French Army was rooted out of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, when his Anglo-Portuguese Army crossed the Douro River from the Mosteiro da Serra do Pilar (a former convent) in a brilliant daylight coup de main, using wine barges to transport the troops, outflanking the French Army.[34][35]

Influenced by liberal revolutions occurring in Europe, the

, the liberal constitution was re-established.

Known as the city of bridges, Porto built its first permanent bridge, the Ponte das Barcas (a

Ponte Dom Luís I replaced the aforementioned Ponte Pênsil.[42] This last bridge was made by Teophile Seyrig, a former partner of Eiffel. Seyrig won a governmental competition that took place in 1879. Building began in 1881 and the bridge was opened to the public on 31 October 1886.[43]

A higher-learning institution in nautical sciences (Aula de Náutica, 1762)[44] and a stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto, 1834 – 1910[45]) were established in the city, but were discontinued later.[when?]

Unrest by Republicans led to the first revolt against the monarchy in Porto on 31 January 1891. This resulted ultimately in the overthrow of the monarchy and proclamation of the republic by the 5 October 1910 revolution.[46][47][48]

20th century

On 19 January 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a

counter-revolution in Porto known as Monarchy of the North.[49][50]
During this time, Porto was the capital of the restored kingdom, as the movement was contained to the north. The monarchy was deposed less than a month later and no other monarchist revolution in Portugal happened again.

The historic center of Porto was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The World Heritage Site is defined in two concentric zones; the "Protected area", and within it the "Classified area". The Classified area comprises the medieval borough located inside the 14th-century Romanesque wall.[51]

Geography

Historical part of Porto, seen from Vila Nova de Gaia, through the Douro river

In 1996,

Episcopal Palace of Porto, and others. The neoclassicism and romanticism of the 19th and 20th centuries also added interesting monuments to the landscape of the city, like the magnificent Stock Exchange Palace (Palácio da Bolsa), the Hospital of Saint Anthony, the Municipality, the buildings in the Liberdade Square and the Avenida dos Aliados, the tile-adorned São Bento railway station and the gardens of the Crystal Palace (Palácio de Cristal). A guided visit to the Palácio da Bolsa, and in particular, the Arab Room is a major tourist attraction
.

Clérigos Church and Tower

Many of the city's oldest houses are at risk of collapsing. The population in Porto municipality dropped by nearly 100,000 since the 1980s, but the number of permanent residents in the outskirts and satellite towns has grown strongly.[52]

Greater Porto area, with the Port of Leixões to the north of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia
to the south.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 7 civil parishes (

Climate

Porto features a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb), with influences of an oceanic climate (Cfb), like northern Spain.[54] As a result, its climate shares many characteristics with the warm, dry Mediterranean climates of southern Europe and the wet marine west coast climates of the North Atlantic, providing it warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Cool and rainy days can, occasionally, interrupt the sunny weather. These occasional summer rainy periods may last a few days and are characterized by showers and cool temperatures around 20 °C (68 °F) in the afternoon. The annual precipitation is high and concentrated in the winter months, making Porto one of the wettest major cities of Europe. However, long periods with warmer temperatures and sunny days are frequent even during the rainiest months.

Summers are typically sunny, with average temperatures between 16 and 26 °C (61 and 79 °F), but can rise to as high as 38 °C (100 °F) during occasional heat waves. During such heatwaves, the humidity remains quite low. Nearby beaches are often windy and usually cooler than the urban areas. Summer average temperatures are a few degrees cooler than those expected in more continentally Mediterranean-influenced Portuguese cities because of the oceanic influence.

Winter temperatures typically range between 6 °C (43 °F) early in the morning and 15 °C (59 °F) in the afternoon, but rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. The weather is often rainy for long stretches, although prolonged sunny periods do occur.

Climate data for Porto (Fontainhas), elevation: 93 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1981–2007, sunshine & humidity 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9)
23.2
(73.8)
28.5
(83.3)
30.2
(86.4)
34.1
(93.4)
38.7
(101.7)
40.3
(104.5)
40.9
(105.6)
36.9
(98.4)
32.2
(90.0)
26.3
(79.3)
24.8
(76.6)
40.9
(105.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8)
15.0
(59.0)
17.4
(63.3)
18.1
(64.6)
20.1
(68.2)
23.5
(74.3)
25.3
(77.5)
25.7
(78.3)
24.1
(75.4)
20.7
(69.3)
17.1
(62.8)
14.4
(57.9)
19.6
(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1)
10.4
(50.7)
12.6
(54.7)
13.7
(56.7)
15.9
(60.6)
19.0
(66.2)
20.6
(69.1)
20.8
(69.4)
19.5
(67.1)
16.4
(61.5)
13.0
(55.4)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)
5.9
(42.6)
7.8
(46.0)
9.1
(48.4)
11.6
(52.9)
14.5
(58.1)
15.9
(60.6)
15.9
(60.6)
14.7
(58.5)
12.2
(54.0)
8.9
(48.0)
6.9
(44.4)
10.7
(51.3)
Record low °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1)
−2.8
(27.0)
−1.6
(29.1)
0.1
(32.2)
3.3
(37.9)
5.6
(42.1)
9.5
(49.1)
8.0
(46.4)
5.5
(41.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−0.3
(31.5)
−1.2
(29.8)
−3.3
(26.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 147.1
(5.79)
110.5
(4.35)
95.6
(3.76)
117.6
(4.63)
89.6
(3.53)
39.9
(1.57)
20.4
(0.80)
32.9
(1.30)
71.9
(2.83)
158.3
(6.23)
172.0
(6.77)
181.0
(7.13)
1,237
(48.7)
Average
relative humidity
(%)
81.0 80.0 75.0 74.0 74.0 74.0 73.0 73.0 76.0 80.0 81.0 81.0 76.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 124.0 129.0 192.0 217.0 258.0 274.0 308.0 295.0 224.0 184.0 139.0 124.0 2,468
Source 1: IPMA[55]
Source 2: NOAA[56]
Climate data for Porto (Fontainhas/Serra Do Pilar), elevation: 93 m, normals 1991-2020, extremes 1973-present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7)
29.0
(84.2)
28.6
(83.5)
31.9
(89.4)
34.7
(94.5)
38.7
(101.7)
39.9
(103.8)
39.6
(103.3)
36.9
(98.4)
34.4
(93.9)
27.7
(81.9)
24.8
(76.6)
39.9
(103.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0)
15.4
(59.7)
17.8
(64.0)
18.3
(64.9)
20.5
(68.9)
23.5
(74.3)
25.1
(77.2)
25.6
(78.1)
23.6
(74.5)
20.6
(69.1)
16.8
(62.2)
16.8
(62.2)
19.8
(67.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4)
10.9
(51.6)
13.5
(56.3)
14.6
(58.3)
17.0
(62.6)
19.5
(67.1)
21.3
(70.3)
21.4
(70.5)
19.3
(66.7)
16.6
(61.9)
13.4
(56.1)
11.0
(51.8)
15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)
6.5
(43.7)
8.8
(47.8)
10.4
(50.7)
13.3
(55.9)
15.4
(59.7)
17.0
(62.6)
17.0
(62.6)
15.2
(59.4)
12.8
(55.0)
9.7
(49.5)
7.6
(45.7)
11.7
(53.0)
Record low °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6)
−3.8
(25.2)
−1.9
(28.6)
0.1
(32.2)
2.6
(36.7)
5.6
(42.1)
8.8
(47.8)
8.0
(46.4)
5.5
(41.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−1.3
(29.7)
−2.5
(27.5)
−4.1
(24.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 122.7
(4.83)
75.0
(2.95)
59.5
(2.34)
79.3
(3.12)
91.7
(3.61)
32.3
(1.27)
13.5
(0.53)
30.6
(1.20)
76.9
(3.03)
133.3
(5.25)
150.6
(5.93)
127.9
(5.04)
993.3
(39.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.61 8.68 7.53 9.11 9.46 5.18 2.54 2.92 7.37 11.94 10.74 11.24 97.32
Source 1: Météo Climat 1991-2020

"Moyennes 1991/2020 Sagres". Baseline climate means (1991–2020) from stations all over the world. Météo Climat. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

Source 2: Météo Climat 1973-present

"Extremes for Porto". Météo Climat. Retrieved 7 May 2022.

Politics and government

Porto City Hall in the Avenida dos Aliados
RM (6)
  PS (3)
  PSD (2)
  CDU (1)
  BE
(1)

Independent) is the current Mayor of Porto, having taken office on 22 October 2013, following the 2013 local elections. He was reelected in 2017 and 2021.[57]

Local election results 1976–2021

Summary of local elections for Porto city hall, 1976–2021
Election PCP PS PSD
CDS
PPM APU PRD
CDU
BE
PAN
RM
O/I* Turnout
1976 13.8 34.7 24.5 20.0 - - - - - - - 7.6 73.4
1979 - 30.7 49.7 16.7 - - - - - 4.2 79.3
1982 - 34.5 42.6 19.5 - - - - - 3.4 73.8
1985 - 26.8 36.1 8.4 - 18.1 7.4 - - - - 3.2 60.8
1989 - 41.5 31.8 10.3 0.7 - 0.7 11.5 - - - 3.5 54.5
1993 - 59.6 25.6 4.8 - - - 7.2 - - - 2.8 58.3
1997 - 55.8 26.3 0.5 - - 11.3 - - - 6.2 48.1
2001 - 38.5 42.8 - - - 10.5 2.6 - - 5.8 48.3
2005 - 36.1 46.2 - - - 9.0 4.2 - - 4.6 58.5
2009 - 34.7 47.5 - - - 9.8 5.0 - - 3.1 56.8
2013 - 22.7 21.1 - - - - 7.4 3.6 - 39.3 6.0 52.6
2017 - 28.6 10.4 - - - - 5.9 5.3 1.9 44.5 3.5 53.7
2021 - 18.0 17.2 - - - - 7.5 6.3 2.8 40.7 7.5 48.8
*O/I: Other parties and Invalid/Blank votes.
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Active political parties established in Porto

The Portuguese party

parliament
which is headquartered out of the Lisbon area.

Demographics

Largest groups of foreign residents in 2021[58]
Nationality Population
 Brazil 8,307
 Italy 1,222
 Spain 749
 France 688
 India 607
 China 537
 Angola 530
 Cabo Verde 502

Breaking down the population further shows that there is a higher percentage of women than men. Estimates from 2016 show that the population is 55% female, compared to 45% male.[10] The largest age group, according to 2016 estimates, is 60 to 69, followed by residents in the 50 to 59 demographic. The majority 93.7% of residents were born in Portugal.

The city also has residents that were born in Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, and countries across Europe. Porto has seen its population climb over the years and with a thriving economy and a growing tourism industry, the population is only expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years.

Religion in the municipality of Porto (Census 2021)[59]

  
Christian (1.95%)
  Buddhism (0.25%)
  Hinduism (0.18%)
  Judaism (0.09%)
  Islam
(0.42%)

Census results

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1864 89,349—    
1878 110,707+23.9%
1890 146,454+32.3%
1900 165,729+13.2%
1911 191,890+15.8%
1920 202,310+5.4%
1930 229,794+13.6%
1940 258,548+12.5%
1950 281,406+8.8%
1960 303,424+7.8%
1970 301,655−0.6%
1981 327,368+8.5%
1991 302,472−7.6%
2001 263,131−13.0%
2011 237,591−9.7%
2021 231,800−2.4%
Source: INE[60]

Economy

Barrels of port wine aging: the fortified wine is the best-known of the city's exports

Porto plus the

Maia, Matosinhos, Porto, and Vila Nova de Gaia
.

The city's former stock exchange (Bolsa do Porto) was transformed into the largest derivatives exchange of Portugal, and merged with Lisbon Stock Exchange to create the Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, which eventually merged with Euronext, together with Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris stock and futures exchanges. The building formerly hosting the stock exchange is currently one of the city's touristic attractions, with the Salão Árabe (Arab Room in English) being its major highlight. The Banco Português de Fomento (BPF), a Portuguese state-owned development bank established in 2020, is headquartered in Porto.

Porto hosts a popular Portuguese newspaper, Jornal de Notícias. The building where its offices are located (which has the same name as the newspaper) was at a time one of the tallest in the city (it has been superseded by a number of modern buildings which have been built since the 1990s).[citation needed]

Porto Editora, one of the biggest Portuguese publishers, is also located in Porto. Its dictionaries are among the most popular references used in the country, and the translations are very popular as well.

The economic relations between the city of Porto and the Upper Douro River have been documented since the Middle Ages. However, they were greatly deepened in the modern age.[citation needed] Indeed, sumach, dry fruits and nuts and the Douro olive oils sustained prosperous exchanges between the region and Porto. From the riverside quays at the river mouth, these products were exported to other markets of the Old and New World. However, the greatest lever to interregional trade relations resulted from the commercial dynamics of the Port wine (Vinho do Porto) agro-industry.[citation needed] It decidedly bolstered the complementary relationship between the large coastal urban centre, endowed with open doors to the sea, and a region with significant agricultural potential, especially in terms of the production of extremely high quality fortified wines, known by the world-famous label Port. The development of Porto was also closely connected with the left margin of River Douro in Vila Nova de Gaia, where is located the amphitheater-shaped slope with the Port wine cellars.

South side of Douro, Vila Nova de Gaia

The city is very much the gateway to Portugal's northern region as well as the northern and western areas of Spain. Within a two-hour drive of Porto's airport, there are four Unesco World Heritage sites and popular Spanish tourist hotspots such as Santiago de Compostela. In a study concerning

Expresso ranked Porto as the third best city to live in Portugal – tied with Évora and below Guimarães and Lisbon.[63]

The Porto metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $42.1 billion euros and $24,344 per capita in 2021.[64][65][66]

Tourism

The Ribeira area along the river Douro, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site

Over the last few years, Porto has experienced significant tourism increases, which may be partly linked to the Ryanair hub at Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport. Porto won the European Best Destination 2012, 2014 and 2017 awards.[20]

The city received 2.8 million overnight visitors and 1.4 million day trippers between January and November 2017, with 73% from other countries. Tourism revenue has been increasing by over 11%, according to a 2018 report.[67]

According to a February 2019 report, over 10% of economic activity in Porto is generated by tourism.[68] The hotel occupancy rate in 2017 was 77%.[69] A scholarly study published in June 2019 stated that "Porto is one of the fastest-growing European tourist destinations that has experienced exponential growth in the demand for city-break tourists".[70]

The most popular tourist attractions in the city include the Porto Cathedral, Dom Luís I Bridge, Café Majestic, Livraria Lello and Jardins do Palácio de Cristal.[71]

Transport

Roads and bridges

Internal highway

The road system capacity is augmented by the Via de Cintura Interna or A20, an internal highway connected to several motorways and city exits, complementing the Circunvalação 4-lane peripheric road, which borders the north of the city and connects the eastern side of the city to the Atlantic shore. The city is connected to Valença (Viana do Castelo) by highway A28, to Estarreja (Aveiro) by the A29, to Lisbon by the A1, to Bragança by the A4 and to Braga by the A3. There is also an outer-ring road, the A41, that connects all the main cities around Porto, linking the city to other major metropolitan highways such as the A7, A11, A42, A43 and A44. Since 2011, a new highway, the A32, connects the metropolitan area to São João da Madeira and Oliveira de Azeméis.

Luís I Bridge, September 2019

The Dom Luís I Bridge (Ponte de Dom Luís I) is a double-deck metal arch bridge that spans the River Douro between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia. Built in 1886, its 172 metres (564 ft) span was then the longest of its type in the world. The top-level is used for the Porto Metro trains, with an option for pedestrians; the lower level carries traffic and pedestrians.[72]

During the 20th century, major bridges were built: Arrábida Bridge, which at its opening had the biggest concrete supporting arch in the world, and connects the north and south shores of the Douro on the west side of the city, S. João, to replace D. Maria Pia and Freixo, a highway bridge on the east side of the city. The newest bridge is Infante Dom Henrique Bridge, finished in 2003. Two more bridges are said to be under designing stages and due to be built in the next 10 years, one on the Campo Alegre area, nearby the Faculty of Humanities and the Arts, and another one in the area known as the Massarelos valley.[citation needed]

Porto is often referred to as Cidade das Pontes (City of the Bridges), besides its more traditional nicknames of "Cidade Invicta" (Unconquered/ Invincible City) and "Capital do Norte" (Capital of the North).

Cruising

In July 2015 a new cruise terminal was opened at the port of Leixões, which is north of the city in Matosinhos.

Airports

Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport

Porto is served by

Municipality of Maia, some 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the north-west of the city centre. The airport underwent a massive programme of refurbishment due to the Euro 2004
football championships being partly hosted in the city. It is connected to central Porto by metro’s line E.

Public transport

Railways

São Bento railway station
Azulejos at São Bento

Porto's main railway station is Campanhã railway station, located in the eastern part of the city and connected to the lines of Douro (Peso da Régua/Tua/Pocinho), Minho (Barcelos/Viana do Castelo/Valença) and centre of Portugal (on the main line to Aveiro, Coimbra and Lisbon).

From Campanhã station, both light rail and suburban rail services connect to the city center. The main central station is São Bento Station, which is itself a notable landmark in the heart of Porto. This station was built between 1900 and 1916, based on plans by architect José Marques da Silva. The large panels of azulejo tile were designed by Jorge Colaço; the murals represent moments in the country's history and rural scenes showing the people of various regions.[73]

Porto is connected with

Celta train, running twice every day, a 2h 20min trip.[74]

Light rail

Porto Metro light rail

Currently, the major network is the Porto

Trindade station. Currently, the whole network spans 67 km (42 mi) using 68 stations, thus being the biggest urban rail transit
system in the country.

   Metro do Porto
Line Length
(km)
Stations Inauguration Vehicle
15.6 23 7 December 2002
Flexity Outlook (Eurotram)
33.6 35 13 March 2005
Flexity Swift (Tram-train)
19.6 24 30 July 2005
Flexity Swift (Tram-train)
9.2 16 18 September 2005
Flexity Outlook (Eurotram)
Estádio do Dragão ↔ Aeroporto
16.7 21 27 May 2006
Flexity Outlook (Eurotram)
17.4 24 2 January 2011
Flexity Outlook (Eurotram)
0.3 2 19 February 2004 Funicular of Guindais

Buses

STCP bus

The city has an extensive

Santo Tirso to the town center. In the past, the city also had trolleybuses.[75]
A bus journey is 2.50 €, which must be paid in cash.

Trams

Heritage tram

A tram network, of which only three lines remain one of them being a tourist line on the shores of the Douro, saw its construction begin on 12 September 1895, therefore being the first in the Iberian Peninsula. The lines in operation all use vintage tramcars, so the service has become a heritage tramway. STCP also operates these routes as well as a tram museum. The first line of the area's modern-tram, or light rail system, named Metro do Porto, opened for revenue service in January 2003[76] (after a brief period of free, introductory service in December 2002).

Porto public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Porto, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 47 minutes. About 6.5% of public transit riders ride for more than two hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 minutes, while 17.4% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 5% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[77]

Culture

Casa de Serralves

In 2001, Porto shared the designation European Culture Capital with Rotterdam.[78] In the scope of these events, the construction of the major concert hall space Casa da Música, designed by the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, was initiated and finished in 2005.

The first Portuguese moving pictures were taken in Porto by Aurélio da Paz dos Reis and shown there on 12 November 1896 in the Teatro do Príncipe Real do Porto, less than a year after the first public presentation by

Ratcatcher 2 in which the character is the heart of the film, a Portuguese version of Ratcatcher.[79]

Many renowned Portuguese music artists and cult bands such as GNR, Rui Veloso, Sérgio Godinho, Clã, Pluto, Azeitonas and Ornatos Violeta are from the city or its metropolitan area. Porto has several museums, concert halls, theaters, cinemas,

Serralves Foundation
(Museu de Arte Contemporânea).

The city has concert halls such as the

Lello Bookshop, which is frequently rated among the top bookstores in the world.[81]

Porto houses the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the largest in Europe – Kadoorie Synagogue, inaugurated in 1938.[citation needed]

Entertainment

Casa da Música

Porto's most popular event is St. John (

São João Festival) on the night of 23–24 June.[82] In this season it's a tradition to have a vase with bush basil decorated with a small poem. During the dinner of the great day, people usually eat sardines and boiled potatoes together with red wine
.

Another major event is

alcohol is sold to finance the trip that takes place during the last year of their course of study; an average of 50,000 students attend these events.[83]

Arts

On the waterfront, She Changes sculpture by artist Janet Echelman

Porto was the birthplace in 1856 of Susanna Roope Dockery, an Anglo-Portuguese watercolour painter who produced many paintings of the city and the people and landscape of the surrounding rural areas. An Englishman, Frederick William Flower, moved to Oporto in 1834 at the age of 19 to work in the wine trade and subsequently became a pioneer of photography in Portugal. Like Dockery, he drew his inspiration from the city, the Douro river and the rural areas.

In 2005, the municipality funded a public sculpture to be built in the Waterfront Plaza of Matosinhos. The resulting sculpture is entitled She Changes[84] by American artist, Janet Echelman, and spans the height of 50 × 150 × 150 metres.

Architecture

Azulejos and Gothic elements at the Cathedral

Due to its long history, the city of Oporto carries immense architectural patrimony. From the Romanesque Cathedral to the Social Housing projects developed through the late 20th century, much could be said surrounding architecture.

Porto is home to the Oporto School of Architecture, one of the most prestigious architecture schools in Europe and the world. It is also home to two earners of the Pritzker Architecture Prize (two former students of the aforementioned school): Álvaro Siza Vieira and Eduardo Souto de Moura.

This historic area includes the cathedral with its Romanesque choir, the neoclassical Stock Exchange and the Manueline-style Church of Santa Clara. The entire historic centre has been a National Monument since 2001 under Law No. 107/2001. The "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar" is a Unesco World Heritage site.[16]

Gastronomy

The francesinha is made of bread, sausage, steak, cheese and a beer-based sauce. Some types of francesinha may include egg or other ingredients.

Porto is home to a number of dishes from traditional

Tripas à Moda do Oporto (Tripe Oporto style). Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá (cod in the style of Gomes de Sá) is another typical codfish
dish born in Oporto and popular in Portugal.

The Francesinha is the most popular native snack food in Porto. It is a kind of sandwich with several types of meat covered with cheese and a special sauce made with beer and other ingredients.

sardinha assada
(grilled sardine) is also a usual, classic main dish.

Port wine, an internationally renowned wine, is widely accepted as the city's dessert wine, especially as the wine is made along the Douro River, which runs through the city.

Education

The city has a large number of public and private

Oporto International School
, which were created in the 20th century.

Higher education

The rectory of the University of Porto

Porto has several institutions of higher education, the largest one being the state-managed

north of Portugal
, attending a college or university in Porto.

For foreigners wishing to study Portuguese in the city there are a number of options. As the most popular city in Portugal for ERASMUS students, most universities have facilities to assist foreigners in learning the language. There are also several private language learning institutions in the city.

Sport

Super Bock Arena – Pavilhão Rosa Mota

Porto, in addition to football stadia since football is by far the most popular sport in Oporto and across the entire country, is home to many athletic sports arenas, most notably the city-owned Super Bock Arena (formerly Pavilhão Rosa Mota), swimming pools in the area of Constituição (between the Marquês and Boavista), and other minor arenas, such as the Pavilhão do Académico, as well as to other sports fields. These sports arenas, swimming pools and sports fields are used for the practice of sports, including varsity and competitive professional sports, in a diversity of sport disciplines ranging from handball, basketball, futsal and field hockey to rink hockey, volleyball, water polo and rugby.

Porto is home to northern Portugal's only Cricket club, the Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club. Annually, for more than 100 years, a match (the Kendall Cup) has been played between the Oporto Club and the Casuals Club of Lisbon, in addition to regular games against touring teams (mainly from England). The club's pitch is located off the Rua Campo Alegre.

In 1958 and 1960, Porto's streets hosted the Formula One Portuguese Grand Prix on the Boavista street circuit, which are reenacted annually, in addition to a World Touring Car Championship race.

It is one of the potential host cities for the 2030 FIFA World Cup.

Every year in October the Oporto Marathon is held through the streets of the old city of Porto.

Football

Estádio do Dragão, home of FC Porto
Estádio do Bessa XXI, home of Boavista

As in most Portuguese cities, football is the most popular sport. There are two main teams in Porto: FC Porto in the parish of Campanhã, in the eastern part of the city and Boavista in the area of Boavista in the parish of Ramalde, in the western part of the city, close to the city centre. FC Porto is one of the "Big Three" teams in the main Portuguese football league, and was European champion in 1987 and 2004, won the UEFA Cup (2003) and Europa League (2011) and the Intercontinental Toyota Cup in 1987 and 2004. Boavista have won the championship once, in the 2000–01 season and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2003, where they lost 2–1 to Celtic.

Formerly,

refounded in 2008
and began playing at the regional level. They now play at the third level of Portugal's national football pyramid.

The biggest stadiums in the city are FC Porto's Estádio do Dragão and Boavista's Estádio do Bessa. The first team in Oporto to own a stadium was Académico, who played in the Estádio do Lima, Académico was one of the eight teams to dispute the first division. Salgueiros, sold the grounds of Estádio Engenheiro Vidal Pinheiro field to the Oporto Metro and planned on building a new field in the Arca d'Água area of Porto. Located a few hundred metres away from the old grounds, it became impossible to build on this plot of land due to a large underground water pocket, and, consequently, they moved to the Estádio do Mar (owned by Leixões S.C.) in the neighboring Matosinhos municipality. For the Euro 2004 football competition, held in Portugal, the Estádio do Dragão was built (replacing the old Estádio das Antas) and the Estádio do Bessa was renovated.

Basketball

The

Portuguese national basketball team with numerous key players.[88]

Twin towns – sister cities

Porto is twinned with:[89]

Notable people

Monument to Prince Henry the Navigator
Duarte Coelho
Statue of António da Silva Oporto in Angola

Explorers and public service

Arts and sciences

Statue of Júlio Dinis
Statue of Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen

Business

Sport

Rosa Mota, 2012

Notes

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Bibliography

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External links

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