A. D. Gordon
Aaron David Gordon | |
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Existential philosophy, Labor Zionism | |
Main interests | Ethics, epistemology, Jewish philosophy |
Notable ideas | Direct Experience (Hebrew: חוויה, Chavaya) vs Consciousness |
Aaron David Gordon (
Biography
Aaron David Gordon was the only child of a well-to-do family of Orthodox Jews.[1] He was self-educated in both religious and general studies, and spoke several languages.[2] For thirty years, he managed an estate, where he proved to be a charismatic educator and community activist. Gordon married his cousin, Faige Tartakov, at a young age and had seven children with her, though only two of them survived.
Gordon died of throat cancer on Kibbutz Degania Alef in 1922 at the age of 66.
Zionist activism
Gordon was an early member of the
In 1905 he founded and led
Views and opinions
Gordon believed that all of
The Jewish people has been completely cut off from nature and imprisoned within city walls for two thousand years. We have been accustomed to every form of life, except a life of labor- of labor done at our behalf and for its own sake. It will require the greatest effort of will for such a people to become normal again. We lack the principal ingredient for national life. We lack the habit of labor… for it is labor which binds a people to its soil and to its national culture, which in its turn is an outgrowth of the people's toil and the people's labor. ... We, the Jews, were the first in history to say: "For all the nations shall go each in the name of its God" and "Nations shall not lift up sword against nation" - and then we proceed to cease being a nation ourselves.
As we now come to re-establish our path among the ways of living nations of the earth, we must make sure that we find the right path. We must create a new people, a human people whose attitude toward other peoples is informed with the sense of human brotherhood and whose attitude toward nature and all within it is inspired by noble urges of life-loving creativity. All the forces of our history, all the pain that has accumulated in our national soul, seem to impel us in that direction... we are engaged in a creative endeavor the like of which is itself not to be found in the whole history of mankind: the rebirth and rehabilitation of a people that has been uprooted and scattered to the winds... (A.D. Gordon, "Our Tasks Ahead" 1920)
Gordon perceived nature as an organic unity. He preferred organic bonds in society, like those of family, community and nation, over "mechanical" bonds, like those of state, party and class. Jews were cut off from their nation, living in Diaspora, they were cut off from direct contact with nature; they were cut off from the experience of sanctity, and the existential bond with the infinite. Gordon wrote:
[W]e are a parasitic people. We have no roots in the soil, there is no ground beneath our feet. And we are parasites not only in an economic sense, but in spirit, in thought, in poetry, in literature, and in our virtues, our ideals, our higher human aspirations. Every alien movement sweeps us along, every wind in the world carries us. We in ourselves are almost non-existent, so of course we are nothing in the eyes of other people either[4]
More than just a theoretician, he insisted on putting this philosophy into practice, and refused to take any clerical position that was offered to him. He was an elderly intellectual of no great physical strength and with no experience doing manual labor, but he took up the hoe and worked in the fields, always focusing on the aesthetics of his work. He served as a model of the pioneering spirit, descending to the people and remaining with them no matter what the consequences were. He experienced the problems faced by the working class, suffering from malaria, poverty, and unemployment. But he did have admirers and followers who turned to him for advice and help.
Gordon had always been a principled individual—even as a young man he refused to allow his parents to pay the customary
Although formerly an Orthodox Jew, Gordon rejected religion later in his life. Students of his writings have found that Gordon was greatly influenced by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, as well as by the Hassidic movement and Kabbalah. Many have also found parallels between his ideas and those of his contemporary, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the spiritual father of Religious Zionism.
Central to Gordon's philosophy is the idea that the cosmos is a unity. This notion in which man and nature are one and all men are organic parts of the cosmos is reflected throughout his thought, including political issues, the role of women in the modern world, and Jewish attitude to the Arabs.[5] He believed the central test for the reborn Jewish nation would be the attitude of the Jews to the Arabs. The Biblical principle regarding "the stranger that sojourns in thy midst" guided his thought on this matter. In his statutes for labor settlements, which he drew up in 1922, Gordon included a clause that said that land should be assigned to Arabs wherever new settlements were founded, to ensure their welfare. He believed that this principle of good neighborliness should be undertaken for moral reasons rather than tactical advantage, and that it would eventually lead to a spirit of universal human solidarity.[6] A summary of his thinking on Jewish-Arab relations can be found in his work Mibachutz, where he wrote:
"Our relations to the Arabs must rest on cosmic foundations. Our attitude toward them must be one of humanity, of moral courage which remains on the highest plane, even if the behavior of the other side is not all that is desired. Indeed their hostility is all the more a reason for our humanity."[7]
Legacy and commemoration
Gordonia, a Zionist youth movement, created in Poland in 1925 in order to put Gordon's teachings into practice, established several kibbutzim in Israel.
Published works (English)
- Selected Essays by Aaron David Gordon (tr.: Frances Burnce), New York: League for Labor Palestine, 1938, ISBN 0405052669(0-405-05266-9)
References
- ^ "zionism/hapoel-hatzair/gordon".
- ^ Aaron David Gordon Biography.
- ^ Aharon David Gordon on the website of Kibbutz Degania Alef
- ^ Sternhell, p. 48
- ^ Bergman, Samuel Hugo. Faith and Reason: An Introduction to Modern Jewish Thought. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, Inc., 1961, p.103.
- ^ Bergman 1961. pps.115-116
- ^ Mibachutz in Gordon's Collected Works, 1952, I, p.478. in Bergman 1961. p.116
External links
- Labor and Socialist Zionism at MidEastWeb for Coexistence
- Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Section
- Myjewishlearning.com
- Haaretz.com, "Far From Reality" Review of New Life: Religion, Motherhood and Supreme Love in the Work of A.D. Gordon,