Abbadid dynasty
History of Al-Andalus |
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Muslim conquest (711–732) |
Umayyad dynasty of Córdoba (756–1031) |
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First Taifa period (1009–1110) |
Almoravid rule (1085–1145) |
Second Taifa period (1140–1203) |
Almohad rule (1147–1238) |
Third Taifa period (1232–1287) |
Emirate of Granada (1232–1492) |
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The Abbadid dynasty or Abbadids (
Overview
During their reign, the Abbadids also made significant contributions to the development of science and medicine.[7] Their patronage of scholars and researchers helped to create a culture of learning that encouraged scientific inquiry and experimentation. The Abbadids' interest in science is evident in the many scientific works that were written during their reign, including the famous Book of Optics by the polymath Ibn al-Haytham.
In addition to their patronage of the arts, sciences, and literature, the Abbadids also made significant contributions to the development of Islamic law and jurisprudence. They were known for their fair and just rule, and they encouraged the use of Islamic law to settle disputes and conflicts. This helped to create a stable and peaceful society in Andalusia, which was admired by people throughout the Muslim world.
Despite their many achievements, the Abbadids were eventually overthrown by the Almoravids, who were more conservative and orthodox in their interpretation of Islam. The Almoravids saw the Abbadids' tolerance of other religions and cultures as a threat to the purity of Islam, and they were determined to impose their own strict interpretation of the faith on Andalusia. This led to a period of religious and cultural repression that stifled the creative and intellectual energy of the region.
Despite their eventual downfall, the Abbadids left a lasting legacy in Andalusia. They were known for their love of art and architecture, their patronage of literature and science, and their tolerance of other religions and cultures. Their reign helped to create a rich and diverse society that was admired throughout the Muslim world, and their contributions to Islamic law and jurisprudence helped to create a stable and just society in Andalusia. The Abbadids' legacy continues to be celebrated today as an important period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula.
History
Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad (ruled 1023–1042)
Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad (r. 1023–1042), the qadi of Seville, founded the house in 1023.[4]
The Abbadids had not previously played a major role in history though they were of noble pedigree from tribe Lakhm in
Abu al-Qasim gained the confidence of the townsmen by playing a major role in the successful resistance to the
Abu al-Qasim's first order of business was to rebuild the military of Seville, which had, in recent times, disappeared. This, he accomplished by first creating recruiting posts in all settlements controlled by Seville. The promise of substantial pay along with promises of unrestricted looting brought many able men to him.[10] Second, he opened the ranks to all races and social class, as Berbers, Arabs, Christians, and foreigners were all accepted along with slaves from Nubia and Sudan.[11] Before the military could become a formidable force, a Berber army from Málaga was at the gates demanding entrance and fealty, in the form of sons of the richest and most powerful nobles and merchants as hostages. Abu al-Qasim, to show his people his trust in the situation, offered his own son as solitary collateral. This show of bravery, convinced his population to follow him with near zeal, and at this time dismissed the council and began his solitary rule.[12]
From this point on, he was able to make small inroads into the small principalities surrounding him. This began with an alliance forged with the governor of
The Berbers continued to be a thorn in the side of Abu al-Qasim, as they now recognized
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid (ruled 1042–1069)
Abbad II al-Mu'tadid (1042–1069),[4] the son and successor of Abu al-Qasim, became one of the most remarkable figures in Iberian Muslim history. He had a striking resemblance to the Italian princes of the later Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, of the stamp of Filippo Maria Visconti.[6]
Abbad wrote
He habitually preserved the skulls of the enemies he had killed—those of the meaner men to be used as flower-pots, while those of the princes were kept in special chests. He devoted his reign mainly to extending his power at the expense of his smaller neighbours, and in conflicts with his chief rival the king of Granada. These incessant wars weakened the Muslims, to the great advantage of the rising power of the
Muhammad al-Mu'tamid (ruled 1069–1095)
The son of Abbad II,
Al-Mu'tamid was even more influenced by his favourite wife,
In 1071, al-Mu'tamid took control of
I have no desire to be branded by my descendants as the man who delivered al-Andalus as prey to the infidels. I am loath to have my name cursed in every Muslim pulpit. And, for my part, I would rather be a camel-driver in Africa than a swineherd in Castile.[19]
With the assistance of the Almoravids, they were able to defeat Alfonso in 1086.[5] During the six years which preceded his deposition in 1091, Abbasid behaved with valour on the field, but was politically inept and cruel. At the end what he had foreseen happened to him: in 1095 his kingdom was overthrown by Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Almoravid sympathizers within his city, following which he was deposed.[5] He was exiled to Morocco[4]
Al-Mu'tamid was the father-in-law, through his son, Fath al-Mamun (d. 1091), of Zaida, mistress, and possibly wife, of Alfonso VI of Castile.
Notes
- ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8.
- ISBN 978-0-300-18028-2.
Some of these rulers were of Arab lineage: the Abbadid mini-dynasty of Seville, for example, were descendants of the pre-Islamic Lakhmid kings of al-Hirah.
- ^ Stearns 2001, p. 218
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hoiberg 2010, p. 8
- ^ a b c Lagassé 2000, p. 2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i public domain: Hannay, David (1911). "Abbadides". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–9. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ "The Peak of Islamic Science and Technology During Their Golden Age". about-History.com. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
- ^ a b Soravia 2011.
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 117
- ^ a b Scott 1977, p. 118
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 119
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 120
- ^ a b c Scott 1977, p. 121
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 122
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 123
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 127
- ^ Scott 1977, p. 128
- ^ Barton 2004, p. 47
- ^ Mu'tamid 1915
- ^ Reilly 1992, p. 92
- ^ incomplete short citation]
Works cited
- Barton, Simon (2004). Black, Jeremy (ed.). A History of Spain. Palgrave Essential Histories. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. LCCN 2003066374.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abbadies". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- Lagassé, Paul, ed. (2000). "Abbadies". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. LCCN 00-027927.
- Mu'tamid (1915). The poems of Muʹtamid, King of Seville. Translated by Dulcie Lawrence Smith. London, UK. )
- Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain: 1031-1157. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. LCCN 91017670.
- ISBN 0-404-09672-7.
- Soravia, Bruna (2011). "ʿAbbādids (search results)". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2001). "g. The Iberian Peninsula". The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Chronologically Arranged (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. LCCN 2001024479.
- Bennison, A.K. The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
- Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge, 2014.
- Menocal, Maria Rosa. The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown and Company, 2002.
- Salma Khadra Jayyusi, ed. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.
- Wasserstein, David J. The Rise and Fall of the Party-Kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain, 1002-1086. Princeton University Press, 1985.
Further reading
- Dozy, Reinhart (1861). Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne Jusqu'a la Conquête de L'andalousie par les Almoravides (711–1110) [History of Muslims in Spain Until the Conquest of Andalucian by the Almoravids] (in French). Vol. II. Leyde [Leiden]: E. J. Brill.
- Dozy, Reinhart P. A. (1846). Historia Abbadidarum Praemissis Scriptorum Arabum de ea Dynastia Locis Nunc Primum Editis [The history of the Abbadids according to Arabic writers of that dynasty, now published for the first time] (in Latin). Leiden: Luguni Batavorum. LCCN 56052586.
- Pezeshk, Manouchehr (2015). "ʿAbbādids". In ISSN 1875-9831.