Kingdom of Castile
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Kingdom of Castile Reino de Castilla ( Latin ) | |||||||||
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1065–1833 | |||||||||
Capital | No settled capital Sancho II (first) | ||||||||
• 1217–1230 | Ferdinand III (last) | ||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 1065 | ||||||||
• Permanent union of Castile and León | 23 September 1230 | ||||||||
1833 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Spain |
The Kingdom of Castile (
Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
History
9th to 11th centuries: beginnings
According to the chronicles of
The County of Castile, bordered in the south by the northern reaches of the Spanish
From the first half of the 9th century until the middle of the century, in which it came to be paid more attention, it was administered and defended by the monarchs of Leon, due to the increased incursions from the
A mix of settlers from the Cantabrian and Basque coastal areas, which were recently swelled with refugees, was led under the protection of Abbot Vitulus and his brother, Count Herwig, as registered in the local charters they signed around the first years of the 800s. The areas that they settled did not extend far from the Cantabrian southeastern ridges, and not beyond the southern reaches of the high Ebro river valleys and canyon gores.
The first count of a wider and more united Castile was
11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León
When Ferdinand I died in 1065, the territories were divided among his children.
.Sancho II allied himself with Alfonso VI of León and together they conquered, then divided, Galicia. Sancho later attacked Alfonso VI and invaded León with the help of El Cid, and drove his brother into exile, thereby reuniting the three kingdoms. Urraca permitted the greater part of the Leonese army to take refuge in the town of Zamora. Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman. The Castilian troops then withdrew.
As a result, Alfonso VI recovered all his original territory of León, and became the king of Castile and Galicia. This was the second union of León and Castile, although the two kingdoms remained distinct entities joined only in a personal union. The oath taken by El Cid before Alfonso VI in Santa Gadea de Burgos regarding the innocence of Alfonso in the matter of the murder of his brother is well known.
During the first years of the 12th century, Sancho, the only son of Alfonso VI, died, leaving only his daughter. Because of this, Alfonso VI took a different approach from other European kingdoms, including
12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam
The centuries of Moorish rule had established Castile's high central plateau as a vast sheep pasturage; the fact that the greater part of Spanish sheep-rearing terminology was derived from Arabic underscores the debt.[7]
The 8th and 9th centuries was preceded by a period of Umayyad conquests, as Arabs took control of previously Hellenized areas such as Egypt and Syria in the 7th century.[8] It was at this point they first encountered Greek ideas, though from the beginning, many Arabs were hostile to classical learning.[9] Because of this hostility, the religious Caliphs could not support scientific translations. Translators had to seek out wealthy business patrons rather than religious ones.[9] Until Abbasid rule in the 8th century, however, there was little work in translation. Most knowledge of Greek during Umayyad rule was gained from scholars of Greek who remained from the Byzantine period, rather than through widespread translation and dissemination of texts. A few scholars argue that translation was more widespread than is thought during this period, but this remains the minority view.[9]
The main period of translation was during Abbasid rule. The 2nd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad.[10] Here he founded a great library, containing Greek Classical texts. Al-Mansur ordered this collection of world literature translated into Arabic. Under al-Mansur, and by his orders, translations were made from Greek, Syriac, and Persian. The Syriac and Persian books themselves were translations from Greek or Sanskrit.[11] A legacy of the 6th century King of Persia, Anushirvan (Chosroes I) the Just was the introduction of many Greek ideas into his kingdom.[12] Aided by this knowledge and the juxtaposition of beliefs, the Abbasids considered it valuable to look at Islam with Greek eyes, and to look at the Greeks with Islamic eyes.[9] Abbasid philosophers also advanced the idea that Islam had, from the very beginning, stressed the gathering of knowledge as a key part of the religion. These new ideas enabled the amassing and translation of Greek concepts to disseminate like never before.[13]
During the 12th century, Europe enjoyed great advances in intellectual achievements, sparked in part by the kingdom of Castile's conquest of the great cultural center of Toledo (1085). There Arabic classics were discovered, and contacts established with the knowledge and works of Muslim scientists. In the first half of the century a translation program, called the "School of Toledo", translated many philosophical and scientific works from the Classical Greek and the Islamic worlds into Latin. Many European scholars, including Daniel of Morley and Gerard of Cremona, travelled to Toledo to gain further knowledge.
The
The 12th century saw the establishment of many new religious orders, like the rest of Europe, such as Calatrava, Alcántara and Santiago; and the foundation of many Cistercian abbeys.
Castile and León
13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León
The rivalry between both kingdoms continued until 1230 when
The Courts from León and Castile merged, an event considered as the foundation of the Crown of Castile, consisting of the kingdoms of Castile, León, taifas and other domains conquered from the Moors, including the taifa of Córdoba, taifa of Murcia, taifa of Jaén and taifa of Seville.
14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara
The
Its name was taken from the Count (or Duke) of Trastámara.
Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon
The marriage of
16th century
On Isabella's death in 1504 her daughter,
Government: municipal councils and parliaments
As with all medieval kingdoms, supreme power was understood to reside in the monarch "
Due to the increasing power of the municipal councils and the need for communication between these and the King, cortes were established in the Kingdom of León in 1188, and in Castile in 1250. Unlike other kingdoms, Castile didn't have a permanent capital (neither did Spain until the 16th century), so the cortes were celebrated in whichever city the king chose to stay. In the earliest Leonese and Castilian Cortes, the inhabitants of the cities (known as "laboratores") formed a small group of the representatives and had no legislative powers, but they were a link between the king and the general population, something that was pioneered by the kingdoms of Castile and León. Eventually the representatives of the cities gained the right to vote in the Cortes, often allying with the monarchs against the great noble lords.
Arms of the Kingdom of Castile
During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the kingdom began to use the canting arms of the Kingdom of Castile as its emblem, in its blazons and banners, which were gules, a three towered castle or masoned sable and ajouré azure.
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Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Castile, 1171–1214
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Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Castile, 1214–30
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Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (1230–84)
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Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (1284–1390)
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Coat of Arms of King Henry III of Castile (1390–1406)
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Arms of the Crown of Castile (design of 15th century)
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Arms of the Castile with the Royal Crest (1366–1406)
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Coat of arms with supporters (1406–74)
See also
- Council of Castile
- Crown of Castile
- Heraldry of Castile
- List of Castilian monarchs
- History of Spain
- List of Castilian battles
- List of Castilian counts
Notes
- ^ Burgos, Valladolid and Toledo were centres of royal authority of the Kingdom and the later Crown of Castile.[1]
References
- S2CID 219564625.
- ISBN 978-0595310630.
- Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
- ^ ISBN 978-0684182797.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-631-19964-9.
- ^ a b Reilly 1996, p. 39.
- ^ H.C. Darby, "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries", in The New Cambridge Modern History vol. I, 1957:23.
- ISBN 978-0-520-01997-3.
- ^ a b c d Rosenthal 1975, pp. 3–4.
- ISBN 978-0-226-48233-0.
- ^ O'Leary, De Lacy (1922). Arabic Thought and its Place in History. p. 107.
- S2CID 144961089.
- ^ Rosenthal 1975, p. 5.
- ^ Bianchini, Janna (2014). The Queen's Hand : Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 209–210.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph (1993). The learned king : the reign of Alfonso X of Castile. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
- ISBN 978-1-4051-2789-9.
- ^ Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina (2010). Legitimizing the Queen : Propaganda and Ideology in the Reign of Isabel I of Castile. Bucknell University Press.[ISBN missing]
- ^ Estudio documental de la Moneda Castilian de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos Archived 2006-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 139–140