Aditya-L1

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Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 in preflight
Mission typeSolar observation
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID2023-132A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.57754Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html
Mission duration5.2 years (planned)[1]
1 year, 7 months and 3 days (elapsed)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftPSLV-XL/C-57
Spacecraft type
PSLV
BusI-1K[2]
ManufacturerISRO / IUCAA / IIA
Payload mass1,500 kg (3,300 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2 September 2023 (2023-09-02), 11:50 IST (06:20 UTC)[3][4]
RocketPSLV-XL C57
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSun–Earth L1 orbit
RegimeHalo orbit
Period177.86 days[5]
Epoch6 January 2024[6]

Mission Insignia

Aditya-L1 (Sanskrit: Āditya IPA: [aːd̪it̪jɐ] 'Sun', L1 'Lagrange Point 1') [a] is a coronagraphy spacecraft for studying the solar atmosphere, designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and various other Indian Space Research Institutes.[1] It is orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) between the Earth and the Sun, where it will study the solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around the Earth.[7]

It is the first

IST on 2 September 2023.[12][3][4] It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from its fourth stage at 12:57 IST.[13] It was inserted at the L1 point on 6 January 2024, at 4:17 pm IST.[14]

On February 2024, Aditya-L1 observed a powerful flare erupt from Earth's sun from its vantage point–a distance of about 1 million miles (1.5 million kilometers).[15]

Mission objectives

The main objectives of Aditya-L1 are:

History

Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration
Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration

The mission was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).

observatory to be placed at Lagrange point 1 (L1),[22] hence the mission was renamed as Aditya-L1. As of July 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹378 crores, excluding launch costs.[4]

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) is supporting the mission.[23]

On 11 January 2024, ISRO successfully deployed a 6-meter

carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) was used in the construction of the boom segments. Through the use of spring-driven hinge mechanisms, the five pieces are joined to enable folding in close proximity to the craft throughout the journey and opening up upon reaching the desired orbit. The hinges lock into place as the mechanism fans out. In the stowed position, two hold-downs firmly secure the boom in place. Information obtained via the telemetry switches validates the release of the hold-down, the initial motion, and the locking of every hinge.[24][25]

Overview

Lagrange points in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.

The mission took 126 Earth days after launch to reach the

in-situ characterisations of the space environment around Earth by measuring energetic particle fluxes and magnetic fields of the solar wind, and solar magnetic storms.[1]

Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the Sun's

corona. Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from the Earth's magnetic field, and hence, could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit, as proposed in the original mission concept back in 2008.[29]

One of the major unsolved problems in the field of solar physics is coronal heating. The upper atmosphere of the Sun has a temperature of 2,000,000 K (2,000,000 °C; 3,600,000 °F), whereas the lower atmosphere is just 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F).[30] In addition, it is not understood exactly how the Sun's radiation affects the dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere on a shorter as well as a longer time scale. The mission will obtain near-simultaneous images of the different layers of the Sun's atmosphere, which will reveal the ways in which energy is channeled and transferred from one layer to another. Thus, the mission will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the Sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics and heliophysics.

Payloads

Aditya spacecraft before integration with the PSLV
rocket

The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere, mainly the chromosphere and corona. In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at the L1 point. There are seven payloads on board, with four for remote sensing of the Sun and three for in-situ observation. The payloads have been developed by different laboratories in the country with close collaborations of various ISRO centres.[31]

Type Sl.No Payload Capability Laboratories
Remote Sensing Payloads 1 Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) Corona Imaging and spectroscopy
Bangalore
2 Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) Photosphere and chromosphere imaging-narrow and broadband Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune
3 Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS) Soft X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
Bangalore
4 High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) Hard X-ray spectrometer: Sun-as-a-star observation
In-situ Payloads 5 Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)
Protons
and Heavier ions with directions 		Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
6 Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA)
Electrons
and Heavier Ions with directions 		Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
7 Advanced Tri-axial
High Resolution Digital Magnetometers
In-situ
magnetic field (Bx, By and Bz).
Bangalore

Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)

The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is a key instrument on the

Bangalore.[32]

Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)

The SUIT is an ultraviolet imaging telescope designed to study the solar spectral radiation in the ultraviolet range, using narrowband and broadband spectral filters in the range of 200-400 nm with the hope of developing a better understanding between solar activity and the atmospheric dynamics of Earth. The SUIT provides near-simultaneous coverage of the solar atmosphere, from lower photosphere to the upper chromosphere. The instrument was developed by Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pune, in collaboration with ISRO.[32]

Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)

The SoLEXS is an X-ray spectrometer designed to continuously measure the solar

Bangalore.[32]

High Energy L-1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)

Developed by the Space Astronomy Group, URSC, the HEL1OS (pronounced helios) is an x-ray spectrometer designed to study solar flares in the x-ray spectrum, in particular, energy bands of 10-150 Kev (

kilo-electron volts). Using a twin-pair of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors, the instrument aims to study the acceleration and movement of electrons in the Sun's corona, as well as to study the cut-off energy between thermal and non-thermal solar emissions.[32]

Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)

The ASPEX is an instrument composed of low and

high energy particle spectrometers, designed to conduct measurements of the Sun's solar wind particles. Solar Wind Ion Spectrometer (SWIS), the low energy spectrometer, contains two analysers, each designed to study particles entering the device in different planes. Supra Thermal Energetic Particle Spectrometer (STEPS), the high energy spectrometer, also consists of two parts, STEPS 1 and STEPS 2, both designed to separate protons and alpha particles and measure the integrated flux. The instrument was developed by the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.[32]

Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)

The PAPA is an instrument on board the Aditya-L1 designed to study the temperature, distribution and velocity of the solar winds. The instrument contains two sensors; the Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and the Solar Wind lon Composition Analyser (SWICAR). The detectors are used in conjunction to analyse the energy levels of electrons and ions within the solar wind. The instrument was developed by the Space Physics Laboratory of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram.[32]

Digital magnetometers

On board the Aditya-L1 spacecraft are a pair of magnetic sensors on a deployable boom, one positioned in the middle and the other at the tip. The purpose of these sensors is to gather information about the magnitude and direction of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF), as well as to study other events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CME). Data from the magnetic sensors will be used to supplement that of the PAPA and ASPEX sensors.[32]

Mission profile

Flight Sequence of PSLV-C57

Launch

PSLV-C57 on launch pad housing Aditya-L1

On 2 September 2023, at 11:50

Second Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) located in Sriharikota
.

Aditya-L1, following a flight duration of 63 minutes and 20 seconds, achieved a successful

elliptical orbit around the Earth at 12:54 IST.[33]

Aditya-L1 underwent a series of four Earth-bound orbital maneuvres prior to its injection to a transfer orbit towards the Lagrange point (L1). It reached its designated orbit at the L1 point 126 days after its launch on 6 January 2024 at 4:17 IST.[34][35]

Orbit raising burns

Trajectory of PSLV-C57/Aditya L1 Mission
First orbit raising burn

On 3 September 2023, the Aditya-L1 performed its first Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 245 km (152 mi) into 22,459 km (13,955 mi) orbit.[36]

Second orbit raising burn

On 5 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its second Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 282 km (175 mi) into 40,225 km (24,995 mi) orbit.

Third orbit raising burn

On 10 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its third Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its orbit to a 296 km (184 mi) into 71,767 km (44,594 mi) orbit.

Fourth orbit raising burn

On 15 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its fourth Earth-bound maneuvre, raising its original orbit to a 256 km (159 mi) into 121,973 km (75,791 mi) orbit. This was the last of such maneuvers, being directly followed by the Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection, which took place on 19 September.

Trans-Lagrangian 1 Injection

On 19 September 2023, Aditya-L1 performed its last maneuvre around Earth to escape its orbit and headed towards the Lagrange 1 point, taking at least four months to further reach its destination, 1.5 million kilometers away.[37]

On 30 September 2023, Aditya-L1 had escaped the Earth's sphere of influence and was on the way to the Lagrange point 1.[37]

Trajectory correction maneuver

On 6 October 2023, Aditya-L1 performed a Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM1). It was needed to correct the trajectory evaluated after tracking the Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Insertion (TL1I) maneuvre performed on 19 September 2023.[38]

Halo orbit insertion

On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 was successfully injected on the Halo orbit of Lagrange point 1 (HOI), at 4:17 pm IST.[39]

Mission stages and maneuvres
Stage and Sequence Date/Time Time (IST)
Periapsis
Apoapsis
 Orbital Period Burn TIme Ref.
Launch
Earth Orbit Insertion 2 September 2023 12:54 p.m 235 km (146 mi) 19,500 km (12,100 mi) 22 hours, 46 minutes [40]
Earth Bound maneuvres
Earth Bound maneuvre 1 3 September 2023 11:40 a.m. 245 km (152 mi) 22,459 km (13,955 mi) 39 hours, 20 minutes [41]
Earth Bound maneuvre 2 5 September 2023 3:00 a.m 282 km (175 mi) 40,225 km (24,995 mi) 4 days, 23 hours and 30 minutes [42]
Earth Bound maneuvre 3 10 September 2023 2:30 am 296 km (184 mi) 71,767 km (44,594 mi) 4 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes [43]
Earth Bound maneuvre 4 15 September 2023 2:15 am 256 km (159 mi) 121,973 km (75,791 mi) 3 days, 23 hours and 45 minutes [44]
Trans-Lagrangian Point 1 Injection 19 September 2023 2:00 am [45]
Trajectory correction maneuvres
Trajectory Correction maneuvre (TCM) 6 October 2023 16s [46]
Halo orbit injection
Halo orbit insertion (HOI) 6 January 2024 4:17 pm approx. 177.86 earth days [47]
Animation of Aditya-L1
Around the Earth
Around the L1 point - Frame rotating with Earth
   Aditya-L1 ·    Earth ·    L1 point

Orbit

Aditya-L1 completed its first halo orbit around L1 point on July 2, 2024. It takes it approximately 178 days to complete each orbit. It underwent two station-keeping maneuvers on February 22 and June 7, and later one on July 2.[48]

Science phase

Following commissioning and checkout, Adiya L1 began Science observations about three months into the mission. The PAPA instrument on the spacecraft was operationalised on December 12, 2023 and made its first observation on February 10 and 11, 2024.[49]

In conjunction with the Udaipur Solar Observatory and research stations at Thumba, ISRO mobilised all its observation platforms and systems to record the signatures of a Massive Solar Flare in May 2024. Aditya-L1, Chandrayaan-2's orbiter and XPoSat have made observations and observed signatures have been analysed. Aditya-L1 used ASPEX, SOLEX, HEL1OS an its magnetometer instruments to record data.[50] On July 16, 2024, the VELC instrument was used to measure a large Coronal Mass ejection from the Sun. It also studied an accompanying solar flare and the motion of solar particles within the Sun.[51]

Marking its first year of science observation, ISRO released the maiden set of the scientific data from the Aditya L1 to the global scientific community on January 6, 2025 at the ISRO Headquarters in Bengaluru.

Near-Ultraviolet band.[54] Scientist from IIA reported observations of a flareless coronal mass ejection from reading taken by VELC in March 2025.[55]

Images of the sun taken from SUIT (Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) instrument of Aditya-L1 in different wavelengths.

Team

See also

References

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