Agadez
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Agadez
اغادیز | |
---|---|
UTC+1 | |
Official name | Historic Centre of Agadez |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iii |
Reference | 1268 |
Inscription | 2013 (37th Session) |
Area | 77.6 ha |
Buffer zone | 98.1 ha |
Agadez (
History
Agadez was founded before the 14th century, and, by growing around trans-Saharan trade, gradually became the most important city of the Tuareg people, supplanting Assodé. The city still sees the arrival of caravans bringing salt from Bilma.
In 1449 Agadez became a sultanate, but was later conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1515,[3] remaining a part of that empire until 1591.[4] At this point, the city had a population of around 30,000 people By then, the city was a key passage for the medieval caravans trading between the West African cities of Kano (the source of the Hausa language which is the traditional lingua franca between different ethnic groups in the city, especially in the area of trade, religion and administration) and Timbuktu, and the North African oases of Ghat, Ghadames, and Tripoli, on the Mediterranean shore. Internal fighting led to the gradual decline of the sultanate, and by the mid-19th century the town was a shadow of its former self.[4]
Some contend that Agadez was the furthermost extent of the
2007 violence
As a result of the
Emigration towards Europe
In the 2010s, Agadez became a major transit town for West African migrants heading to Libya and then on to Europe,[7] since Agadez is the final stop before passing through the long trek across the Sahara towards the Libyan coast.[8] Crackdowns in 2016 slowed the flow of migrants, but recent Displacement Tracking Matrix data showed a daily average of 1,212 individuals crossing at six monitored points in Niger,[9] many of whom would have been coming through Agadez. The city now hosts hundreds of migrants living in small houses on the outskirts of the city before moving on to Libya.[8]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1977 | 20,643 | — |
1988 | 49,424 | +139.4% |
2001 | 77,060 | +55.9% |
2012 | 110,497 | +43.4% |
source:[10] |
Culture and tourism
Today, Agadez flourishes as a
Some well-known musicians from the town include Tuareg guitar player
Airport and military usage
Agadez's air transport hub, Mano Dayak International Airport, was named after Mano Dayak, the Tuareg leader who is native to the region.
The United States built
Air pollution
Air pollution, including particulate matter and dust, poses significant health risks due to their microscopic size and potential inhalation into the deepest parts of the lung.[15][16][17]
Climate
Agadez has a
Climate data for Agadez, Niger (1961-1990 normals, extremes 1957-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 40.0 (104.0) |
41.1 (106.0) |
46.0 (114.8) |
45.8 (114.4) |
47.0 (116.6) |
49.1 (120.4) |
48.0 (118.4) |
44.7 (112.5) |
47.0 (116.6) |
42.6 (108.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.9 (103.8) |
49.1 (120.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.9 (82.2) |
31.1 (88.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.3 (106.3) |
41.3 (106.3) |
39.1 (102.4) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.4 (90.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
35.8 (96.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 4.2 (39.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
12.6 (54.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.0 (0.08) |
5.5 (0.22) |
10.4 (0.41) |
35.2 (1.39) |
49.7 (1.96) |
8.2 (0.32) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
111.5 (4.39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
22 | 18 | 15 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 39 | 45 | 29 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 297.6 | 280.0 | 294.5 | 288.0 | 297.6 | 270.0 | 288.3 | 285.2 | 285.0 | 306.9 | 303.0 | 294.5 | 3,504 |
Percent possible sunshine | 86 | 87 | 80 | 77 | 75 | 69 | 72 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 90 | 86 | 80 |
Source 1: NOAA[18][19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: DWD (precipitation days 1951-1990, humidity 1973-1994)[20] |
Neighborhoods
- Nasarawa, near the Agadez Mosque[21]
- Sabon Gari
- Bariki
- Dag Manet
- Azin
Notes
- ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 442.
- ^ "Annuaires_Statistiques" (PDF). Institut National de la Statistique du Niger. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0. Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Geels, Jolijn, (2006) Bradt Travel Guide - Niger, pgs. 157-200
- ^ "Ottoman dynasty still alive in Africa - World Bulletin". worldbulletin.net. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- S2CID 154031995.
- ^ "A Dangerous Immigration Crackdown in West Africa". The Atlantic. 11 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ a b "The perilous migration across the desert of Niger: Africa's hidden story". Oxfam International. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ "Niger – DTM". Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ "Niger: Administrative Division population statistics". Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "www.conceptoradio.net/2013/11/13/sahel-sounds-algunos-artistas-africanos-nunca-han-visto-un-vinilo/". conceptoradio. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^ "3 special forces troops are killed and 2 wounded in ambush in Niger". MSN.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ "Pentagon set to open second drone base in niger as it expands operations in Africa". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ "U.S. MILITARY IS BUILDING A $100 MILLION DRONE BASE IN AFRICA". The Intercept. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- ^ "Air Quality & Pollen Forecast for Agadez". meteoblue. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "Agadez Air Quality Index (AQI) and Niger Air Pollution | IQAir". www.iqair.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "Air Quality Agadez: Live air quality and pollution Forecasts". Plume Labs Air Report. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
- ^ "Agadez Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ^ "Daily Summaries Station Details". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Agades / Niger" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ Taub, Ben (10 April 2017). "The Desperate Journey of a Trafficked Girl". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.
Most Nigerian brothels in Agadez are in the Nasarawa slum, a sewage-filled neighborhood a short walk from the grand mosque, the tallest mud-brick structure in the world.
References
- Aboubacar Adamou. "Agadez et sa région. Contribution à l'étude du Sahel et du Sahara nigériens", Études nigériennes, n°44, (1979), 358 p.
- Julien Brachet. Migrations transsahariennes. Vers un désert cosmopolite et morcelé (Niger). Paris: Le Croquant, (2009), 324 p. ISBN 978-2-914968-65-2.
- Louis Werner. Agadez, Sultanate of the Sahara. Saudi Aaramco World, January/February 2003. Volume 54, Number 1.
- Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0
- Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt London and Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1-84162-152-8.
- Berber Sultanate of Aïr worldstatesmen.org Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine: Chronology of the Berber Sultanate of Aïr, based in Agadez.
External links
- Agadez travel guide from Wikivoyage
- (in English) Audio interview with Agadez resident about life in Agadez. Great place
- http://www.agadez.org Site covering Northern Niger. Photo Gallery by Michel Batlle "portraits de femmes touarègues"
- interactive Map of the Agadez region.
- Site covering Agadez and Touareg culture
- Agadez, the touareg capital of the nigerien region of Air YouTube