Alberta Senate nominee elections

The process has ultimately resulted in ten[a] elected nominees, five of whom have been appointed to the Senate. Scott Tannas is the last elected nominee to still hold his Senate seat. The legislation enabling senate nominee elections initially expired in 2016, a new Act was passed in 2019 and nominee elections resumed in 2021.^[1]

The Province of Canada, the predecessor to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, had a bicameral legislature comprising a lower Legislative Assembly and an upper Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly was always elected, based on the popular British House of Commons; the Legislative Council, based on the largely hereditary British House of Lords, was originally appointed but became elected in 1856 from 48 divisions.

The province

Appointments were, and are, made by the governor general; in practice, the governor general has always been advised by the prime minister in selecting these appointments. Whereas the House of Commons is elected from ridings that are redistricted between the various provinces from time to time, senators are appointed based on a fixed number per province, and represent their provinces as a whole. The exception to this is Quebec, where its 24 divisions^[c] for electing the Province of Canada's Legislative Council continue to be used as the geographic basis for senatorial appointment.

Proposals to reform the Senate have been floated for decades. Originally a lifetime appointment, mandatory retirement at 75 years of age was implemented for senators in 1965.

Senate nominee elections were initially held under the auspices of Alberta's Senatorial Selection Act of 1987, which was passed in response to a proposal under the Meech Lake Accord that would have required the federal government to appoint senators from lists provided by provincial governments. After the failure of the Meech Lake and subsequent Charlottetown Accords, the federal government continued its traditional practice of appointing senators of its own volition. In 1998, the federal government of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien filled two vacancies in Alberta before an election could be held; the pro-Senate reform provincial government of Ralph Klein then amended the act to hold elections for Senate nominees in advance of vacancies. The amended Senatorial Selection Act required the government to predict how many Alberta vacancies may exist in the Senate (due to the mandatory retirement of senators at the age of 75) in the next six years.

From 1998 onward, Senate nominees were elected for six-year terms as a protest to push for Senate reform. Whenever a vacancy arose in the Senate from Alberta, the Alberta government formally requested that the Prime Minister advise the Governor General to appoint the nominee. This request was only sometimes heeded: Stephen Harper and Brian Mulroney recommended elected nominees for appointment, while Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, and Justin Trudeau did not. No vacancies occurred during the Kim Campbell government.

In May 2008, the government of Saskatchewan announced plans to hold similar elections,^[2] passing a law allowing for elections the following year. However, in 2013 the province abandoned its plans before holding any such elections, repealing the law and instead calling for the Senate to be abolished.^[3]

The New Democratic Party formed government in Alberta after the 2015 election, and due to its long-standing policy supporting Senate abolition, allowed the Senatorial Selection Act to expire in 2016.^[4] Since taking office in 2015, the Trudeau government at the federal level formalized a new selection process for the Senate, which did not accommodate provincial Senate elections.^[5] Jason Kenney of the United Conservative Party restored Senate elections after winning the 2019 provincial election.^[6]

• 1989 Alberta Senate nominee election — 1 nominee elected, province-wide single vote (stand-alone election)
• 1998 Alberta Senate nominee election — 2 nominees elected, province-wide block vote (stand-alone election)
• 2004 Alberta Senate nominee election — 4 nominees elected, province-wide block vote (alongside the general election)
• 2012 Alberta Senate nominee election — 3 nominees elected, province-wide block vote (alongside the general election)
• 2021 Alberta Senate nominee election — 3 nominees elected, province-wide block voting (alongside municipal elections)

No political party has contested all of Alberta's Senate nominee elections. In 1989 and 1998, all of the seats up for election were won by the Reform Party of Alberta, a provincial counterpart to the Reform Party of Canada which was set up solely to run candidates in Senate nominee elections. It disbanded in 2004.

The candidate of the governing Progressive Conservatives, Bert Brown, placed third in the inaugural election in 1989. This led the party to tacitly endorse the Reform candidates in 1998 rather than field its own. However, Progressive Conservatives would win most of the seats up for election in 2004 and 2012.

Although the

The Alberta Alliance and its successor, the Wildrose Party, contested the 2004 and 2012 elections, but failed to win any seats.

All four elections were contested by independent candidates, with

Although

In 2004, Bert Brown, Betty Unger and Cliff Breitkreuz, nominated by the Progressive Conservatives, and Link Byfield, an independent, won the election. The federal Liberal government then in office vowed to ignore the results.

All six incumbents initially rejected calls to resign in order to make room for an "elected" appointment.

Former Canadian prime minister