Anatoly Pepelyayev

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Anatoly Pepelyayev
Анатолий Пепеляев
Pepelyayev in 1918
De facto Leader of the Provisional Priamurye Government
In office
October, 1922–June 16, 1923
Preceded byMikhail Diterikhs
Succeeded byGovernment collapse
Personal details
Born15 July [
Russian State
Branch/service
Years of service1902–1923
RankLieutenant colonel
Lieutenant general [a]
Battles/warsWorld War I
Russian Civil War

Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (

Admiral Kolchak during the Russian Civil War. His elder brother Viktor Pepelyayev
served as prime minister in Kolchak's government.

Early life and career

Anatoly Pepelyayev was brought up "in the family of a military man."[10][11] who was a Lieutenant General in the Imperial Russian Army, by the name of Nikolai Mikhailovich Pepelyayev[12][13][14][15] (05/06/1858-11/20/1916.[16]) and to the daughter merchant by the name of Claudia Nekrasova.[1][14][15] He had a total 8 siblings, two of which were his sisters, and the remainder were his brothers.[12][15]

During his youth, one of his brothers, one Pyotr Nikolaevich, passed away.[10]

Sometime in 1912, Pepelyayev married a woman by the name of Nina Ivanovna Gavronskaya[b]. Born in Nizhneudinsk[26][22][27][24] in 1893,[22][27][20][23][24] Nina Gavronskaya and Anatoly Pepelyayev had two children, Vsevolod Anatolievich Pepelyaev in 1913[c], and Lavr Anatolievich Pepelyaev in 1922.[32][28][1][23][24][25][33] Nina Gavronskaya died in 1979.[22][26][20][24]

First World War and the Trans-Siberian march

A graduate of the Omsk Cadets Corps

White Czechs.[11]

In the summer of 1918 Pepelyayev's corps was involved in a remarkable expedition to the east along the

Transbaikalia, Pepelyayev's forces linked up with the Amur Cossacks of Grigory Semyonov
in early September.

Service under Kolchak

In December, Pepelyayev's forces resumed their high tempo advance, this time to the west. On December 16, 1918, Pepelyaev signed Order No. 049, directing an attack on

Vyatka were impeded by heavy frost. As the spring rasputitsa
arrived, Pepelyayev's position deteriorated. His armies had outrun their supply lines and were exhausted from many months of incessant warfare, while the Red Army was pouring newly raised troops into the area.

Pepelyayev's taking of Glazov on 2 June 1919 was his last success. During the following months, his First Siberian Army suffered a series of setbacks and fell back on Tobolsk, where they were forced to make a last stand against the Bolsheviks. By the end of the year, the White Army had collapsed into a panic and abandoned Omsk, followed by Tomsk.

Pepelyayev's conflict with Kolchak came to a head in mid-December 1919 when he issued threats to arrest the White admiral. They were reconciled by Viktor Pepelyayev before Anatoly was disabled by typhus and transferred for convalescence to Harbin. The remains of his army joined that of Vladimir Kappel and crossed the frozen Lake Baikal during the Great Siberian Ice March.

"Pepelyayevshchina"

Main article:
Yakut Revolt

During his stint in Harbin, the former general was employed in menial jobs, including those of carpenter and taxi driver.[55] Still, he harboured the intention of wresting Siberia from the Bolsheviks. On 31 August 1922 Pepelyayev and 553-strong volunteer "druzhina" embarked on the last major operation of the Civil War. They sailed into the Sea of Okhotsk and disembarked at the port of Okhotsk, aiming to penetrate westward into the rugged mountainous country.

In September Pepelyayev sailed up the

Okhota River into Siberia, with his eyes set on Yakutsk. His troops swarmed over Yakutia, but were contained by Ivan Strod's Bolsheviks. Numerically weaker, they were defeated by sheer weight of numbers. After abandoning the key settlement of Amga, Pepelyayev pressed on towards the Pacific in the hope of making a crossing to Sakhalin. This final campaign saw him defeated near Okhotsk on 1–2 May. Pepelyayev surrendered to the Bolsheviks after the siege of the seaside village of Ayan
on 17 June 1923. This was the last siege of the Russian Civil War.

Imprisonment and death

Pepelyayev (center in the first row) during the trial in Chita

Lieutenant General Pepelyayev was tried by the

The Great Purges, he was again arrested, taken to Novosibirsk, tried on charges of having created a counter-revolutionary organization, sentenced to death on December 7[56][57] and executed on 14 January 1938[e] as 'enemy of the people'. His Civil War rival Ivan Strod also perished in the Great Purge. Pepelyayev was posthumously cleared of these charges and completely rehabilitated on October 20, 1989[f][g]
.

Honours and awards

In popular culture

Pepelyayev is a supporting character in the novel 1936, written by Sean League. It offers a fictional explanation for his release from prison in 1936 and re-arrest and execution a year later.[68]

Notes

  1. ^ Rank held during the Russian Civil War.
  2. ^ Sources[17][18][19][20][21][22][10][23][24][25]
  3. ^ Sources[28][29][1][30][10][23][24][31][25]
  4. ^ Often listed as "December 24, 1918, though it is most likely the early morning hours of the 25, or the late night of the 24.
  5. ^ Sources[58][56][59][33][60][57]
  6. ^ Sources[58][61][2][62][10][9][8][63][51][64][65][66][67][57]
  7. ^ Sometimes listed as January 16, 1989, though this is probably incorrect .

References

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  7. ^ Cash, Anthony. "ZIMNYAYA DOROGA - WINTER ROAD a review of Leonid Yuzefovich's novel". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Пепеляев Анатолий Николаевич". elib.tomsk.ru. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
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  31. ISSN 1561-7793
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  68. ISBN 978-1942319252

Bibliography
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