Andrew, Archbishop of Kalocsa
Andrew | |
---|---|
Bishop of Győr | |
Personal details | |
Died | 1186 Rome, Papal States |
Nationality | Hungarian |
Denomination | Catholic |
Andrew (
Early career
Andrew was a highly educated clergyman and a skilled diplomat, who became a protégé of Pope Alexander III.[1] In his letter issued in 1179, the pope described Andrew as "scientific, religious and virtuous".[2]
He was elected as
Archbishop of Kalocsa
Head of the Catholic Church in Hungary
"It is really depressing us [...] that Our reverend brother, the Archbishop of Kalocsa [Andrew], whom We consider to be extremely kind and welcome for his science, religiosity and virtue, seems to have fallen so out of your grace due to the promptings of his enemies that not only him, but his [subordinates] also suffer undeserved humiliations, and this Archbishop was deprived from [...] his office to the great grievance of the Roman Church and the diminution of the prestige of Your [Béla's] name. In fact, this Archbishop, appearing before Our presence, as far as he could, assuring, stated strongly and firmly that he did not violate Your Royal Majesty and Your dignity in nothing at all, and if he may have offended You verbally after all as You previously complained to Us, which he completely denies, he deserves forgiveness due to the triviality of his insult, as You know: as the tongue is in a wet place, [thus] it is impossible not to slip sometimes and blissful is that person who does not verbally offend [anyone]. [...]"
Following the death of Stephen III, his younger brother Béla returned to Hungary from Constantinople and was unanimously proclaimed King of Hungary. However, his coronation was delayed, because Archbishop Lucas refused to perform his ceremony;[6] he feared that the influence of "schismatics" would increase under Béla's rule (his resistance, however, even refused by Pope Alexander).[7] Archbishop Lucas fell out of favor with Béla, and was ignored by him in the first years of his reign. Andrew elevated into the dignity of Archbishop of Kalocsa in 1176, replacing Stephen, who also opposed Béla's rule.[8] Because of Lucas' forced exile from state affairs, Andrew, also a skilled diplomat, became de facto head of the Catholic Church in Hungary, his status was also acknowledged by Pope Alexander III.[9]
After
However, his relationship with Béla III had dramatically deteriorated at the turn of 1178 and 1179.
Later years
Andrew was styled as "Archbishop of Bács" by the documents of the Third Council of the Lateran, after the second archiepiscopal see of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa (present-day Bač, Serbia). Consequently, Andrew held his permanent seat there.[16] After the fall of his influence in the royal court of Hungary, Andrew spent almost all time of his remaining tenure in Rome, and dealt with only ecclesiastical affairs.[17] Despite the resolutions of the council, celibacy was not universal among the prelates in Hungary. Archbishop Andrew asked for guidance to the Holy See, what to do if a married man applies to be a priest. Pope Alexander answered in a letter in 1180 that a married man can be ordained a priest if he divorces with the consent of his wife and makes a vow of purity before ordination.[18] Andrew also dealt with the insubordination polemics belonging the Benedictine friars of the Kő monastery, established by Ban Beloš decades earlier, in Syrmia (which laid under the ecclesiastical authority of Kalocsa). Andrew confiscated the abbey from the Benedictines and handed it over to the monks of Abraham of the Valley of Hebron.[18]
According to account from 1185, Andrew had revenue of 2500 silver marks in that year.[16] He died in the next year, in 1186, residing in Rome.[17] He was succeeded by Paul as Archbishop of Kalocsa around 1188.[8]
Notes
- ^ a b Udvardy 1991, p. 74.
- ^ Thoroczkay 2018, p. 220.
- ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 91.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 106.
- ^ Thoroczkay 2018, pp. 220–221.
- ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 210.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 108.
- ^ a b Zsoldos 2011, p. 84.
- ^ Thoroczkay 2018, p. 214.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 113.
- ^ Bánk 1968, p. 26.
- ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 214.
- ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 114.
- ^ Makk 1989, p. 174.
- ^ Thoroczkay 2018, pp. 215–221.
- ^ a b Udvardy 1991, p. 76.
- ^ a b Diós 1993, p. 251.
- ^ a b Udvardy 1991, p. 75.
Sources
- Bánk, József, ed. (1968). Győregyházmegyei almanach. Schematizmus Dioecesis Jaurinensis [Almanac of the Diocese of Győr] (in Hungarian). Authority of the Diocese of Győr.
- Diós, István (1993). Magyar katolikus lexikon [Hungarian Catholic Lexicon] Vol. I (in Hungarian). Szent István Kiadó.
- Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
- Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
- Thoroczkay, Gábor, ed. (2018). Írott források az 1116–1205 közötti magyar történelemről [Written Sources of the Hungarian History between 1116 and 1205] (in Hungarian). Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 978-615-80398-3-3.
- Udvardy, József (1991). A kalocsai érsekek életrajza (1000–1526) [Biographies of Archbishops of Kalocsa, 1000–1526] (in Hungarian). Görres Gesellschaft.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.