Apistogramma

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the album, see Apistogramma (album).

Apistogramma
Apistogramma bitaeniata
Apistogramma hongsloi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Subfamily: Cichlinae
Tribe: Geophagini
Subtribe: Geophagina
Genus: Apistogramma
Regan, 1913
Type species
Mesops taeniatus
Günther, 1862
Synonyms

Heterogramma Regan, 1906
Pintoichthys Fowler, 1954

Apistogramma is a large

Cichlidae native to South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending on the exact species.[1][2]

Range, conservation status and habitat

Apistogramma are exclusively found in tropical and subtropical South America in the lowlands east of the

microhabitat) and pollution (for example by oil drilling or mining).[6][7]

Apistogramma generally inhabit streams, or edges of rivers or lakes.

leaf litter on the bottom in water with little movement and a shallow depth, up to about 40 cm (1.3 ft), although a few species occur deeper, in fast-flowing water, in more open habitats or at the surface among floating plants.[3][8]

Appearance

Apistogramma are

selectively bred by aquarists to achieve brighter colors than the natural, wild forms.[11][12][13][14]

Behavior

Apistogramma are

larvae and other small invertebrates, fish fry, algae and plant debris.[2][9]

Brood care is highly developed, as in most cichlids. Nearly all Apistogramma species

mouthbrooding, either by both parents or only by the female.[15][16] In most cases, regardless of the breeding strategy, the female is more highly involved with care of the eggs and fry, whilst the male defends a territory from predators.[2] The sex of the fry is affected by the water conditions: In all species where it has been studied warmer water results in more males and in some species more acidic water (lower pH) also results in more males.[17][18]

Taxonomy and species

Apistogramma agassizii, male
Apistogramma allpahuayo, male
Apistogramma borellii, pair
Apistogramma cacatuoides, two male variants and female with fry
Apistogramma erythrura, male
Apistogramma nijsseni, female and male
Apistogramma ortegai ("Papagayo" form), male and female
Apistogramma panduro, male and female
Apistogramma trifasciata, male

Apistogramma is part of

phylogenetic relationship of the various species.[4][5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Apistogramma in FishBase. July 2019 version.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-691-17074-9
    .
  3. ^
    doi:10.1590/S1679-62252005000300003
  4. ^ a b c d e Wise, M. (1 October 2017). "Apistogramma Species List By Species-Groups/Complexes". Apisto sites. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018.
  5. ^
    doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182618
  6. ^ a b c Römer, U., Duponchelle, F., Vela Diaz, A., Garcia Davilla, C., Sirvas, S., Diaz Catchay, C. & Renno, J.-F. (2011): Apistogramma cinilabra sp. n.: Description of a potentially endangered endemic cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the Departamento Loreto, Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 61 (1): 3-23.
  7. ^ a b c d e Römer, U., Soares, D.P., García Dávila, C.R., Duponchelle, F., Renno, J.-F. & Hahn, I. (2015): Re-description of Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986, with descriptions of two new cichlid species of the genus Apistogramma (Teleostei, Perciformes, Geophaginae) from northern Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (3): 305–332.
  8. ^ a b c Staeck, W., and I. Schindler (2019). Apistogramma psammophila – a new geophagine dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Rio Atabapo drainage in Colombia and Venezuela. Vertebrate Zoology 69(1): 103-110.
  9. ^
    doi:10.1007/s10211-011-0107-8
    .
  10. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252009000400013
  11. ^ "Apistogramma agassizii". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  12. ^ "Apistogramma cacatuoides". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  13. ^ "Apistogramma hongsloi". dwarfcichlid.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  14. ^ "Apistogramma macmasteri". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  15. ^
    S2CID 90387578
    .
  16. ^ Römer, C.I.; U. Römer; I. Hahn; D.P. Soares (2018). "Beiträge zur Biologie von Apistogramma-Arten: Auch Apistogramma pantalone Römer et al., 2006 ist ein fakultativer Maulbrüter". DCG-Informationen. 49 (9): 202–211.
  17. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01467.x
  18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002837
  19. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00209.x
  20. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Apistogramma". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  21. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3790-x
  22. ^ Römer, U. & Hahn, I. (2013): Apistogramma aguarico sp. n.: A new species of geophagine cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian río Napo system. Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (2): 171-181.
  23. ^ Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., Vela Díaz, A., Ortega, H., Hahn, I., Soares, D.P., Díaz Cachay, C., García Dávila, C.R., Sirvas Cornejo, S. & Renno, J.-F. (2012): Description of Apistogramma allpahuayo sp. n., a new dwarf cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Geophaginae) from in and around the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana, Loreto, Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 62 (2): 189–212.
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-958-8343-64-8
    .
  25. ^ a b Varella, H.R. & Britzke, R. (2016): Apistogramma eleutheria and A. flavipedunculata, two new species of dwarf cichlids from the rio Curuá on Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 27 (1): 81-95.
  26. ^ Schindler, I. & Staeck, W. (2013): Description of Apistogramma helkeri sp. n., a new geophagine dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower río Cuao (Orinoco drainage) in Venezuela. Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (3): 301-306.
  27. ^ Varella, H.R. & Sabaj Pérez, M.H. (2014): A titan among dwarfs: Apistogramma kullanderi, new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (3): 243-258.
  28. ^ Mesa Salazar, L.M. & Lasso, C.A. (2011): Apistogramma megaptera (Perciformes: Cichlidae), una nueva especie para la cuenca del Orinoco. Biota Colombiana, 12 (1): 19-30.
  29. ^ Britzke, R., Oliveira, C. & Kullander, S.O. (2014): Apistogramma ortegai (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of cichlid fish from the Ampyiacu River in the Peruvian Amazon basin. Zootaxa, 3869 (4): 409–419.
  30. ^ Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., García Dávila, C.R., Vela Díaz, A. & Renno, J.-F. (2013): Description of Apistogramma paulmuelleri sp. n., a new geophagine cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Amazon river basin in Loreto, Peru. Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (1): 15-34.
  31. ^ Römer, U., Beninde, J. & Hahn, I. (2011): Apistogramma playayacu sp. n.: Description of a new cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Geophaginae) from the Rio Napo system, Ecuador. Vertebrate Zoology, 61 (3): 321-333.
  32. ^ Staeck, W. & Schindler, I. (2016): Apistogramma sororcula, a new dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the drainage of the rio Guaporé in Bolivia and Brazil. Vertebrate Zoology, 66 (2): 141-150.
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