Applix 1616
The Applix 1616 was a kit
History
Paul Berger and Andrew Morton formed the Australian company Applix
The project was presented to Jon Fairall, then editor of the Australia and New Zealand electronics magazine Electronics Today International, and in December 1986, the first of four construction articles was published as "Project 1616", with the series concluding in June 1987. In October and November 1987, a disk controller card was also published as "Project 1617".
Over the next decade, about 400 1616s were sold.[1]
Applix Pty. Ltd., was in no way related to the North American company of the same name that produced Applixware.
Hardware
Main board
The main board contains:
- a MHz.
- 512 Dynamic RAM
- between 64 kibibytes of ROM
- on board MGA and multisync monitors.
- dual RS-232 serial ports using a Zilog Z8530.
- a parallel port for Centronics-type printers or general purpose I/O. This was provided by a Rockwell 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter, which was also the source of timer interrupts.
- 4 channel analog/audio output via an 8 bit DAC and multiplexor.
- software audio/analogue input via the DAC and a comparator.
- a PC/XTkeyboard interface.
The main board also had four 80-pin
Disk controller card
The disk controller card contains:
- A Zilog Z80 processor running at 8 MHz
- 32 kibibytes of ROM
- 64 static RAM
- a WD1772 floppy disk controller
- dual RS-232 serial ports using a Zilog Z8530
- An NCR5380 SCSIcontroller
The coprocessor is able to run
Memory expansion card
The memory card:
- accepts between 1 and 4 Dynamic RAMin 1 megabyte increments,
- has an optional memory management unit implemented in fast static RAM and PALs,
- Another NCR5380 SCSI hard disk interface. This SCSI controller was mapped into the 68000's address space, and was considerably faster than the one on the Z80 coprocessor card.
34010 graphics coprocessor card
The
User developed cards
- Graham Redwood developed an wire-wrap or Speedwireprototype?).
- Philip Hutchison developed a Motorola 68030 coprocessor card (small run of working double sided PCBs).
- Kevin Bertram developed a Transputer card, an provisional patent, but never released as a kit.)
Other one-off interface cards were developed for specific projects, including a numerically controlled sheet metal spinning machine controller, several EEPROM programmers, etc.
Operating systems
1616/OS
1616/OS was initially little more than a powerful monitor, with commands for dumping and modifying memory, loading and saving to tape, and a built in
Minix
Colin McCormack ported Minix to the 1616. He worked around the lack of a memory management unit when fork()ing by copying BSS, heap and stack of the child and parent processes before scheduling each one. The MMU on the RAM expansion card was developed to support Colin's Minix port, although it's unclear if it was ever used for this purpose.
ZRDOS
Conal Walsh ported the
MGR
Not strictly an operating system, the MGR windowing system run under 1616/OS, but usurped the console video and keyboard, and added virtual tty devices for each window. The MGR port required a video hack to add a higher resolution but monochrome video mode; this was done by replacing a PAL in the video circuit.
Applications
Most Unix and Minix programs were able to be ported to 1616/OS. Ports included:
Several messaging or
Several computer languages were supported, including:
The collection of 1616/OS shareware eventually grew to thirty-one 800kB floppies. Included were innumerable small utilities and ported applications from other environments.
The 1616 users group
Applix
When the Mortons sold the shop in the 1990s, the meetings moved to their house at
The user group still meets on the second Saturday of every month, although it has been many years since an Applix 1616 has been booted at one, and, everyone being older, the meetings tend to end somewhat before midnight, and pizza is consumed in moderation.
References
- ^ "An Interview With Linus Torvalds: Linux and Git - Part 1 30 Years Of Linux". Tag1 Consulting. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Conquest". 19 August 2021.
- ^ "Sc: The Venerable Spreadsheet Calculator | Linux Journal".
- ^ "Wanderer". Steve Shipway. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
External links
- The Applix 1616 Project Andrew Morton's pages on the 1616
- Applix 1616 manuals