Atakor volcanic field
Atakor Volcanic Field | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Elevation | 2,918 m (9,573 ft)[1] |
Coordinates | 23°20′N 5°50′E / 23.33°N 5.83°E[1] |
Geography | |
Atakor volcanic field ("Atakor" in
Atakor is one of several large volcanic fields in this mountain range, which sits atop of a
Geography and geomorphology
The field lies in the
The field consists of
There are about 450 recent volcanic centres, of which about 400 are lava domes and 50 small stratovolcanoes,[13] the latter of which include many recent cones[6] which are accompanied by lava flows whose length reaches 20 kilometres (12 mi).[14] Among the older volcanoes of Atakor are the peaks Assekrem and Tahat,[7] the latter of which is the highest summit in the Hoggar.[15] Some of these volcanoes have craters, including double craters, and others are eroded to the point that only volcanic necks remain,[16] while lava domes include shapes from steep pillars to short stubby lava flows[17] and are responsible for much of the field's scenery.[18] Some of these lava domes and necks penetrated older basaltic layers.[19] Among the stratovolcanoes is the Oued Temorte cone, which is 300 metres (980 ft) high, 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide and has erupted an over 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long lava flow. It has also erupted volcanic ash, lapilli and slag.[20]
Geology
Atakor is one in a group of volcanic fields of the Hoggar around
The basement is formed by
Atakor has erupted
Eruptive history
Volcanic activity in Atakor occurred 20-12 million years ago,
Activity continued in the
Climate and history
Atakor lies within the tropics (south of the Tropic of Cancer) and at high elevation. Precipitation is more common than in the surrounding desert and during winter it can occur in the form of snow;[3] at Assekrem annual precipitation is about 100–150 millimetres (3.9–5.9 in).[8] In the past, precipitation was considerably higher than today,[39] such as during the Villafranchian and the Paleolithic when nivation landforms developed above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation,[40] as well as moraines[41] such as at Tahat[42] and rock glaciers.[43] A last wet period occurred during the Neolithic.[36]
Vegetation in Atakor is subdivided into several belts, a lower
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Atakor Volcanic Field". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
- ^ Bernus 1991, p. 118.
- ^ a b c d e Kubiëna 1955, p. 116.
- ^ Capot-Rey 1969, p. 241.
- ^ a b Kubiëna 1955, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Sesiano 1980, p. 74.
- ^ a b c Rognon 1963, p. 13.
- ^ Büdel 1955, p. 102.
- ^ Bernus 1991, p. 118,119.
- ^ Pachur & Altmann 2006, p. 27.
- ^ Pachur & Altmann 2006, p. 87.
- ^ Girod 1963, p. 359,361.
- ^ a b c Sesiano 1980, p. 76.
- ^ Ayadi et al. 2000, p. 111.
- ^ Girod 1963, p. 359.
- ^ Girod 1963, p. 363.
- ^ Sesiano 1980, p. 75.
- ^ a b Büdel 1955, p. 106.
- ^ S2CID 130911787.
- ^ a b Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993, p. 131.
- ^ a b c Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019, p. 29.
- ^ Ayadi et al. 2000, p. 121.
- ^ Ayadi et al. 2000, p. 122.
- ^ Ayadi et al. 2000, p. 112.
- ^ Bouzid et al. 2015, p. 2.
- ^ Bouzid et al. 2015, p. 3.
- ^ Sesiano 1980, p. 73.
- ^ Büdel 1955, p. 104.
- ^ Sesiano 1980, p. 72.
- ^ Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019, p. 30.
- ^ Dupuy, Dostal & Chikhaoui 1993, p. 143.
- ^ Benhallou, Megueni & BoussisseIkhlef-Debabha 2019, p. 31.
- ^ a b Bouzid et al. 2015, p. 4.
- ^ Bouzid et al. 2015, p. 5.
- ^ JSTOR 25640889.
- ISBN 9780813724188.
- ISSN 0899-5362.
- ^ Kubiëna 1955, p. 132.
- ^ Capot-Rey 1969, p. 242.
- ^ Rognon 1963, p. 25.
- ^ Rognon 1963, p. 26.
- ISSN 0029-182X.
Sources
- Ayadi, A; Dorbath, C; Lesquer, A; Bezzeghoud, M (February 2000). "Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Hoggar swell (Central Sahara, Algeria)". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 118 (1–2): 111–123. ISSN 0031-9201.
- Benhallou, Amel-Zoulikha; Megueni, Yasmine; Boussisse, Faouzi; Ikhlef-Debabha, Faiza; Babkar, Youcef; Boukhalfa, Zakaria; Aghanbilou, Khaled; Azzouni-Sekkal, Abla; Dautria, Jean-Marie (2019), Doronzo, Domenico M.; Schingaro, Emanuela; Armstrong-Altrin, John S.; Zoheir, Basem (eds.), "The South West Atakor Volcanic District (Hoggar-Algeria): Petrography and Mineralogy from the Taessa Lavas", Petrogenesis and Exploration of the Earth’s Interior: Proceedings of the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, Springer International Publishing, pp. 29–32, ISBN 9783030015756
- Bernus, Edmond (1991). "Montagnes touarègues : Entre Maghreb et Soudan : "le fuseau touareg"". Revue de Géographie Alpine (in French). 79 (1): 117–130. S2CID 143858253.
- Bouzid, Abderrezak; Bayou, Boualem; Liégeois, Jean-Paul; Bourouis, Seid; Bougchiche, Sofiane Saïd; Bendekken, Abdelhamid; Abtout, Abdeslam; Boukhlouf, Walid; Ouabadi, Aziouz (October 2015). Geological Society of America Special Papers. Geological Society of America. pp. 239–255. ISBN 9780813725147.
- Büdel, Julius (1955). "Reliefgenerationen und plio-pleistozäner Klimawandel im Hoggar-Gebirge". Erdkunde (in German). 9 (2). .
- Capot-Rey, Robert (1969). Rognon, Pierre (ed.). "Le massif de l'Atakor et ses bordures de P. Rognon". Annales de Géographie. 78 (426): 241–244. JSTOR 23446968.
- Dupuy, Claude; Dostal, Jaroslan; Chikhaoui, Mohammed (1993). "Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic alkali basaltic lavas from Atakor (Central Sahara)". Geochemical Journal. 27 (3): 131–145. ISSN 0016-7002.
- Girod, M. (1 December 1963). "Les formations volcaniques récentes de l'Atakor (Hoggar central)". Bulletin Volcanologique (in French). 26 (1): 359–366. S2CID 128614045.
- Kubiëna, Walter L. (1955). "Über die Braunlehmrelikte des Atakor". Erdkunde (in German). 9 (2). .
- Pachur, Hans-Joachim; Altmann, Norbert (2006). Die Ostsahara im Spätquartär (in German). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 13–390. ISBN 9783540204459.
- Rognon, Pierre (1963). "Le modelé de haute montagne dans l'Atakor (Sahara central)". Bulletin de l'Association de Géographes Français (in French). 40 (311): 13–28. .
- Sesiano, Jean (1980). "Le Hoggar et son volcanisme". Le Globe. Revue Genevoise de Géographie (in French). 120 (1): 71–79. ISSN 0398-3412.
Bibliography
- Girod, Michel (1971). Le massif volcanique de l'Atakor (Hoggar, Sahara algérien): étude pétrographique, structurale et volcanologique (in French). Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
- Rognon, Pierre (1967). Le Massif de l'Atakor et ses bordures (Sahara central), étude géomorphologique . (in French). Éditions du centre national de la recherche scientifique.