Bacone school

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This article is about the art movement. For the college, see Bacone College.

The Bacone school or Bacone style of

Plains tribes.[citation needed
]

History

The Oklahoma and New Mexico Native American art movements in the first half of the 1900s share similar traits that define the Native American art market, including patronage, mentoring, community-based collectives, and new structures of support through education and museums.[1] The Bacone school art movement was influenced by the Bacone College, as well as art programs of Chilocco Indian School, and Haskell Indian Industrial Training Institute, all of which were located in a similar geographic region. Tribes from the Southeastern, Prairie, and Central Plains regions each have their own historical practices of pictorial representation, whether in carving or painting; however, removal to Indian Territory in the 19th century disrupted many customary art practices. Access to Western art materials (such as easels, watercolors) gave Native artists a new means of self-expression, as well as a new way of recording history and daily practices.[1]

"Flatstyle"

The Bacone style differs from the two other prevalent flat styles of Native American painting in Oklahoma of the time: Kiowa style, and the Studio style.[citation needed] The "Flatstyle" painting was in part made popular in the 1920s by the Kiowa style (also known as Southern Plains style) of painting by the Kiowa Six, which was rooted in the teachings of Oscar Jacobson at the School of Art at the University of Oklahoma (OU), where he served as director from 1915 to 1945.[2][3] However the Bacone style was specifically different from the Kiowa style because the artists used brighter colors, depicted more movement and action, and included visual perspective.[3][4] The Southern Plains style had its origins in Plains hide painting and winter counts. [citation needed]After the decline of buffalo herds in the late 19th century, Plains painting shifted to Ledger art, which, under the stewardship of such artists as Silver Horn (1860/1–1940, Kiowa), evolved into easel art.[citation needed]

The Studio style, as taught at the

Ohkay Owingeh), built upon the accomplishments of the San Ildefonso school of painters and Hopi painters such as Fred Kabotie, who were successful "Flatstyle" easel artists in the 1910s and 1920s in Arizona and New Mexico.[citation needed] These artists were inspired by Pueblo mural painting and pottery painting traditions. Their work often features pastoral scenes in muted colors.[5][dead link] Collectively, these three Flatstyle movements were sometimes derided by Native artists in the 1960s as "Bambi Art," which has been criticized as nostalgic, sentimental, and limited in scope.[6]

Bacone College influence

Muscogee Creek) was a student at Chilocco Indian School[7] and a student of Oscar Jacobson's at OU;[8]
he helped shape the Bacone style.

The first Bacone College's art department director was musician/storyteller Mary "Ataloa" Stone McLendon, and between 1932 until 1935, she had built the structure that later became an early classroom for the art department (and is now named the Ataloa Lodge Museum).[9][10][11] She was followed by Blue Eagle serving as the second director from 1935 to 1939.[9][10] Woody Crumbo (Potawatomi) succeeded him in 1938.[12] The year 1938 is given by artist Ruthe Blalock Jones (Shawnee/Delaware/Peoria) as the date the Bacone School of Indian Painting was established,[13] although some would say it should be 1935.[5]

Style and media

Both Blue Eagle's and Crumbo's styles were also influenced by the streamlined, bold look of

watercolor. Technical skill in draftsmanship was emphasized, as was the ethnographic accuracy of subjects portrayed. Paintings were aesthetically pleasing, with contours of a certain hue often surrounded by outlines of lighter tints, to emphasize the spiritual nature of the subject. Figures were brilliantly colored with backgrounds of a "subdued palettes of greens, blues, and browns," as Ruthe Blalock Jones writes.[14] Blue, in particular, is a color representing sorrow, loss, and memory for some Southeastern tribes, and is often a preferred background color. Implied narrative gave the Bacone style a sense of drama.[5]

Development

The

National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City
have extensive collections of Bacone School art.

Bacone school artists

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 9780295745244
    .
  2. Newspapers.com
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 9781496209320
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0866590136
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Parker, Gerri. "Native American Art in Oklahoma: The Kiowa and Bacone Artists." DeAnza College. 27 July 2004 (retrieved 8 Nov 2009)
  6. ^ a b Morand et al. 105
  7. ^ "Blue Eagle, Acee". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  8. ^ "Chickasaw Family Making Pah Sho Fah (Pashofa) | National Postal Museum". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  9. ^ a b "Ataloa (Mary Stone McLendon)". www.okhistory.org. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved 2020-06-22. This paved the way for a new style of American Indian art, the Bacone School of traditional Indian art, or simply the Baconian style. She was the first director of the art department, and she bequeathed the title to Acee Blue Eagle at her departure in 1935. In later years, the art lodge was renamed Ataloa Lodge Museum in honor of its founder.
  10. ^ a b Brewer, Graham Lee; Tulsa (2019-07-21). "Can Bacone College reclaim its roots as a center for Native art?". www.hcn.org. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  11. ISBN 978-1-4408-5097-4
    .
  12. ^ Silberman 86
  13. ^ Wyckoff 55
  14. ^ Wyckoff 54
  15. ^ Wyckoff 40
  16. ^ Silberman 52
  17. ^ Anthony Jr., Alexander E. "Acee Blue Eagle, Creek Artist". Adobe Gallery. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  18. ^ Morand et al 110
  19. ^ Silberman, 106
  20. ^ Morand et al 111

References

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