Bahram Mirza Safavi
| Bahram Mirza Safavi | |
|---|---|
| Born | 15 September 1517 Twelver Shia Islam |
| Military career | |
| Battles/wars | |
Bahram Mirza Safavi (
Throughout his career, he held the governorship of
Bahram Mirza died on 11 October 1549, possibly due to an overdose of
Background
Bahram Mirza Safavi was born on 15 September 1517 in
Career
In keeping with Safavid tradition, Bahram Mirza was given the governorship of many provinces, under the supervision of a guardian who held the real authority.[5] In 1530, he was the given the governorship of Herat with Ghazi Khan Takkalu as his guardian.[3] In the spring of 1532, an Uzbek army under Ubaydallah Khan laid siege to Herat. The main reason the Iranian army was able to endure this protracted siege was because they were provided with food by Uzbeks who disliked Ubaydallah Khan. As a result, in October 1533, Ubaydallah Khan lifted the siege and withdrew.[5]
The following month, Shah Tahmasp I reached Herat, where he had Bahram Mirza and Ghazi Khan Takkalu replaced with his brother Sam Mirza Safavi, who had Aghzivar Khan Shamlu as his guardian. Over the ensuing years, Bahram Mirza participated actively in the war with the Ottoman Empire who had invaded Iran. He took part in the clashes in the Azerbaijan province in 1534, and the next year he pressured the Ottoman soldiers that attempted to retake the Iranian territory they had briefly occupied in 1534.[5]
In 1536/37, Shah Tahmasp I attempted to extend Safavid control by taking advantage of the death of the Kar-Kiya ruler of eastern Gilan, Soltan-Hasan Kiya. He appointed Bahram Mirza as the governor of Gilan and gave him the task of imposing Safavid authority with the help of a sizable army. During his brief time as governor, Bahram Mirza encountered strong opposition; as mass uprisings started, he fled to Qazvin. According to the modern historian Colin P. Mitchell; "This probably did not make a favourable impression on his older brother". His next known appointment as governor was in 1546, when he received the governorship of Hamadan.[3]
Bahram Mirza played a key-role in dealing with the rebellion of his brother Alqas Mirza, who invaded mainland Iran with Ottoman support. In 1548, while Bahram Mirza was away, Alqas Mirza raided Hamadan and captured his family, whom he had sent to Baghdad (they later returned after Alqas Mirza's death).[3][5] Alqas Mirza and his soldiers were soon chased across central Iran by Bahram Mirza in coordination with Ibrahim Dhu'l-Qadar, the governor of Shiraz. In 1549 at the town of Marivan, Alqas Mirza surrendered to Bahram Mirza.[3] He was taken to the court of Shah Tahmasp I, who had him imprisoned in the Qahqaheh Castle.[6] Bahram Mirza died during this period, on 11 October 1549 in one of the villages of the Kurdistan province, possibly due to an overdose of opium.[3][2] He was buried in Mashhad.[2] On 9 April 1550, Alqas Mirza was killed by being thrown from the castle.[6]
Cultural patronage
A notable patron of the arts, Bahram Mirza was also a talented calligrapher, painter, poet, and musician.
Bahram Mirza entrusted Dust Mohammad Haravi with the task of compiling his art collection into an album,[2] which he completed between 1543 and 1545.[7] Known as the Bahram Mirza Album, it has been kept in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul since the second half of the 16th-century. It appears to have had a significant influence on Safavid Iran's perception of a unique Persian artistic style.[8] It includes works by various distinguished artists such as Kamal ud-Din Behzad, Ahmad Musa, Abd al-Hayy, Jafar Tabrizi, Sultan Ali Mashhadi, Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, and Anisi.[2] The double-spread introduction of the album, which is typically devoted to court portraits, features an image of Ali, further emphasizing the Safavids' spiritual heritage from him. In the preface, Ali is referred to as the "first Islamic painter". The album also contains numerous Chinese paintings, which is not specifically mentioned in the preamble.[9]
Bahram Mirza also employed historians, such as Budaq Monshi Qazvini, the author of the Javahir al-akhbar ("Jewels of the histories"), and Yahya ibn Abd al-Latif Hoseyni Qazvini, the author of the Lobb al-tavarikh ("The essence of histories").[3]
Family
Bahram Mirza's only known wife was Zaynab Sultan Khanum, a noblewoman from
References
- ^ a b Savory & Karamustafa 1998, pp. 628–636.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mahdavi & Mayani 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mitchell 2012.
- ^ Amanat 2017, p. 61.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Soucek 1988, pp. 523–524.
- ^ a b Fleischer 1989, pp. 907–909.
- ^ Weis 2020, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Weis 2020, p. 65.
- ^ Weis 2020, p. 92.
- ^ a b Simpson, Simpson-Shreve & Farhad 1997, p. 245.
- ^ Simpson 1997, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Ghereghlou 2016.
- ^ Roemer 2008, pp. 251–252.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0300112542.
- Fleischer, C. (1989). "Alqās Mirza". In ISBN 978-0-71009-121-5.
- Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). "Esmāʿil II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Mahdavi, Maleeha; Mayani, Yadullah Gholami (2019). "بهرام میرزای صفوی". The Great Islamic Encyclopaedia (in Persian).
- Mitchell, Colin P. (2009). "Tahmāsp I". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
- Mitchell, Colin P. (2012). "Bahrām Mīrzā". In Fleet, Kate; ISSN 1873-9830.
- Roemer, H. R. (2008). "The Safavid period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 9781139054980.
- Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). "Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī". In ISBN 978-1-56859-055-4.
- Simpson, Marianna S. (1997). "Ebrāhīm Mīrzā". In ISBN 978-1-56859-050-9.
- Simpson, Marianna S.; Simpson-Shreve, M.; Farhad, M. (1997). Sultan Ibrahim Mirza's Haft Awrang: A Princely Manuscript from Sixteenth-Century Iran. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300068023.
- Soucek, P. (1988). "Bahrām Mīrzā". In ISBN 978-0-71009-117-8.
- Weis, Friederike (2020). "How the Persian Qalam Caused the Chinese Brush to Break: The Bahram Mirza Album Revisited". Muqarnas Online. 37 (1): 63–109. S2CID 230660318.