Uzbek Khanate

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Uzbek khanates.
Uzbek Khanate
Abulkhairids
اوزبک خانلیغی‎ (Chagatai)
ابو الخیریان‎ (Persian)
1428–1471
The Uzbek Khanate in 1448
The Uzbek Khanate in 1448
StatusConfederate Khanate
Capital
Common languages
Religion
GovernmentHereditary monarchy
Khan 
• 1428–1468
Abu'l-Khayr Khan
• 1468–1471
Sheikh Haidar
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Abu'l-Khayr becomes the Uzbek Khan
1428
• Abu'l-Khayr defeats Hajji Muhammad
1428
• Shaybanids invade Transoxiana
1446
• Janibeg and Kerei found the Kazakh Khanate[2]
1466
• Death of Abu'l-Khayr
1468
• Disestablished
1471
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Golden Horde
Timurid Empire
Khanate of Bukhara
Kazakh Khanate

The Uzbek Khanate (Turki/Kypchak: اوزبک خانلیغی‎[n 1]), also known as the Abulkhair Khanate[3] (Turki/Kypchak: ابو الخیر خانلیغی‎) was a Shaybanid state preceding the Khanate of Bukhara. During the few years it existed, the Uzbek Khanate was the preeminent state in Central Asia, ruling over most of modern-day Uzbekistan, much of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and parts of southern Russia. This is the first state of the Abulkhairids, a branch of the Shaybanids.

Etymology

Main articles:
Öz Beg Khan and Uzbeks

The dynasty of

Khwarezm were also Shaybanids, but not Abulkhairids.[4]

History

Before Abu'l-Khayr Khan

Main articles: Shiban and Golden Horde

Starting with

Urals, and lands north of the Syr Darya
river. Central control in the Golden Horde eroded away quickly in the east and breakaway states like the Nogai Horde and the Khanate of Sibir appeared in the region.

Abu'l-Khayr Khan

Main article: Abu'l-Khayr Khan
Abu'l-Khayr Khan

By the time of Abu'l-Khayr's birth in 1412, the

Ulug Beg, the leader of the Timurid Empire, secretly orchestrated the title of khan to pass to Abu'l-Khayr. He began his rule by consolidating tribes in Siberia around his capital at Chimgi-Tura (Modern-day Tyumen). He was able to depose the reigning Khan of Sibir, Hajji Muhammad, a former khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423, and took the entirety of the area under Shaybanid control.[4]

In 1430 or 1431, Abu'l-Khayr and his army marched south into

Urganj
. Between 1430 and 1446 the Uzbek Khanate took land in Transoxiana from the Timurids.

Abu'l-Khayr invaded the Golden Horde sometime after this and defeated Mustafa Khan near Astrakhan. The Uzbeks lost around 4,500 men during this campaign.

Prior to the death of

Uzkend and Sozak
were invaded and captured by the Uzbeks. Sighnaq became one of the principal cities of Central Asia during this time.

In 1451, Abu'l-Khayr allied with the Timurid

'Abdullah and the two both marched on Samarkand
. The Uzbek-Abu Sa'id alliance was successful and in return Abu Sa'id paid tribute to the Uzbeks.

Kazakh Insurrection

Main articles: Kazakhs and Kazakh Khanate

Starting in the 1460s, the Kazakh khans warred for control of modern-day

Dorben Oirat Mongols on the Uzbeks' eastern borders. Janibeg and Kerei sought to capitalize on Uzbek weakness following the conflict.[2]

Regarding these events, 16th century Khaidar Duglati in his Tarikh-i Rashidi reports:[5]

At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.].

Death of Abu'l-Khayr Khan and Successors

Main article: Muhammad Shaybani

Somewhere around 1468–1470, Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in battle against the Kazakhs along with several of his sons. Sheikh Haidar, also known as Baruj Oghlan (Some sources have them as the same person or different persons), the eldest of Abu'l-Khayr's sons, succeeded him. Sheikh Haidar's reign was short and was ended after conflicts with a rival khan, Ibak.[4]

Khan of Astrakhan, Qasim
.

After Shaybani was helped by the

Shah Ismail.[6]

In 1500, Shaybani officially conceded all the Kazakh held lands in

Dasht-i Qipchaq to the Kazakh Khanate. Shortly after this in 1506, Shaybani captured Bukhara and the Uzbek Khanate became the Khanate of Bukhara.[7]

Muhammad Shaybani was killed in the

Shah Ismail
in 1510, and had his skull turned into a jeweled drinking goblet.

Rulers

Khans of Shaybanid Domains

Main article: Shaybanids

These are the khans ruling over the domains of the Uzbeks prior to the Abulkhairids.[6] [8]

  • Shiban
  • Bahadur Oghul
  • Jochi Buqa
  • Bad Oghul
  • Mengu Timur Oghlan
  • Fulad Oghul
  • Ibrahim Sultan
  • Dawlat Shaykh Oghlan

Abulkhairids

See also

Notes

  1. Kypchak language
    .

References

  1. ^ Sela, Ron (2022). "The "Sultans of the Turks"". In Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J; Eden, Jeff (eds.). From the Khan's Oven. Leiden & Boston: Brill. p. 95.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8179-9353-5
    .
  3. ^ Gian Luca Bonora; Niccolò Pianciola; Paolo Sartori (2009). Kazakhstan: Religions and Society in the History of Central Eurasia. p. 24.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1
    .
  5. ^ Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 140.
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-253-35385-6
    .
  7. ^ a b c 霍渥斯 (1880). "9". History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century ... 文殿閣書莊. pp. 686–700.
  8. ^ "Art | the Metropolitan Museum of Art". Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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