Herat
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Herat
هرات | |
---|---|
UTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time) | |
Postal code | 30XX |
Climate | BSk |
Herāt (
Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its
After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of Afghanistan.[11] It became an independent city-state in the first half of the 19th century, facing several Iranian invasions until being incorporated into Afghanistan in 1863.[12] The roads from Herat to Iran (through the border town of Islam Qala) and Turkmenistan (through the border town of Torghundi) are still strategically important. As the gateway to Iran, it collects high amount of customs revenue for Afghanistan.[13] It also has an international airport. Following the 2001 war, the city had been relatively safe from Taliban insurgent attacks.[14] In 2021, it was announced that Herat would be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[15] On August 12, 2021, the city was seized by Taliban fighters as part of the Taliban's summer offensive.[16]
The area of Herat, along with areas like Piranshahr, Damghan and Aleppo, are among the most important archaeological areas in the world.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
History
Ancient
Herat is first recorded in ancient times, but its precise date of foundation is unknown. Under the Persian
History of Afghanistan | |
---|---|
Timeline | |
410–557 | |
Nezak Huns | 484–711 |
The district Aria of the Achaemenid Empire is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the
Hamdallah Mustawfi, composer of the 14th-century geographical work Nuzhat al-Qulub writes that:
Herāt was the name of one of the chiefs among the followers of the hero Narīmān, and it was he who first founded the city. After it had fallen to ruin Alexander the Great rebuilt it, and the circuit of its walls was 9000 paces.[7]
Herodotus described Herat as the bread-basket of Central Asia. At the time of Alexander the Great in 330 BC, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a satrap called Satibarzanes, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap Bessus of Bactria and Barsaentes of Arachosia. In late 330 BC, Alexander captured the Arian capital that was called Artacoana. The town was rebuilt and the citadel was constructed. Afghanistan became part of the Seleucid Empire.
However, most sources suggest that Herat was predominantly
In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria (Herat) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the
Conversion to Islam
At the time of the
When the Arab armies appeared in
Another power that was active in the area in the 650s was Tang dynasty China which had embarked on a campaign that culminated in the Conquest of the Western Turks. By 659–661, the Tang claimed a tenuous suzerainty over Herat, the westernmost point of Chinese power in its long history. This hold however would be ephemeral with local Turkish tribes rising in rebellion in 665 and driving out the Tang.[29]
In 702 AD Yazid ibn al-Muhallab defeated certain Arab rebels, followers of Ibn al-Ash'ath, and forced them out of Herat. The city was the scene of conflicts between different groups of Muslims and Arab tribes in the disorders leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. Herat was also a center of the followers of Ustadh Sis.
In 870 AD,
Pearl of Khorasan
The region of Herāt was under the rule of King
Herat was a great trading center strategically located on trade routes from Mediterranean to India or to China. The city was noted for its textiles during the
Herat was a part of the
The
Ghaznavid Era
Mongols
The Mongols laid siege to Herat twice. The first siege resulted in the surrender of the city, the slaughter of the local sultan's army of 12,000, and the appointment of two governors, one Mongol and one Muslim. The second, prompted by a rebellion against Mongol rule, lasted seven months and ended in June 1222 with, according to one account, the beheading of the entire population of 1,600,000 people by the victorious Mongols, such that "no head was left on a body, nor body with a head."[39]
The city remained in ruins from 1222 to about 1236. In 1244, a local prince
If anyone asks thee which is the pleasantest of cities, Thou mayest answer him aright that it is Herāt. For the world is like the sea, and the province of Khurāsān like a pearl-oyster therein, The city of Herāt being as the pearl in the middle of the oyster.[7]
— Rumi, 1207–1273 A.D.
In the summer of 1458, the Qara Qoyunlu under Jahan Shah advanced as far as Herat, but had to turn back soon because of a revolt by his son Hasan Ali and also because Abu Said's march on Tabriz.[40]
In 1507, Herat was occupied by the
Modern history (1500-2023)
By the early 18th century Herat was governed by the Abdali Afghans. After Nader Shah's death in 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani took possession of the city and became part of the Durrani Empire.[11]
In 1793,
-
Traffic passing on the road near the Herat minarets, 2005.
-
The two mausoleums with the minarets, July 2001.
The famous
In the aftermath of the
In the 1960s, engineers from the United States built Herat Airport, which was used by the Soviet forces during the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in the 1980s. Even before the Soviet invasion at the end of 1979, there was a substantial presence of Soviet advisors in the city with their families.
Between March 10 and March 20, 1979, the
Herat received damage during the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s, especially its western side. The province as a whole was one of the worst-hit. In April 1983, a series of Soviet bombings damaged half of the city and killed around 3,000 civilians, described as "extremely heavy, brutal and prolonged".[52] Ismail Khan was the leading mujahideen commander in Herāt fighting against the Soviet-backed government.
After the communist government's collapse in 1992, Khan joined the new government and he became governor of Herat Province. The city was relatively safe and it was recovering and rebuilding from the damage caused in the Soviet–Afghan War.[53] However, on September 5, 1995, the city was captured by the Taliban without much resistance, forcing Khan to flee. Herat became the first Persian-speaking city to be captured by the Taliban. The Taliban's strict enforcement of laws confining women at home and closing girls' schools alienated Heratis who are traditionally more liberal and educated, like the Kabulis, than other urban populations in the country. Two days of anti-Taliban protests occurred in December 1996 which was violently dispersed and led to the imposition of a curfew.[54] In May 1999, a rebellion in Herat was crushed by the Taliban, who blamed Iran for causing it.[55]
After the
In 2005, the
Due to their close relations, Iran began investing in the development of Herat's power, economy and education sectors.
On 12 August 2021, the city was captured by the Taliban during the 2021 Taliban offensive.[59]
Geography
Climate
Herat has a
Climate data for Herāt (1958-1983) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
37.8 (100.0) |
39.7 (103.5) |
44.6 (112.3) |
50.7 (123.3) |
42.7 (108.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
50.7 (123.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
29.6 (85.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.1 (95.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.9 (37.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.2 (50.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
16.1 (61.0) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
16.2 (61.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
8.5 (47.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −26.7 (−16.1) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.6 (2.03) |
44.8 (1.76) |
55.1 (2.17) |
29.2 (1.15) |
9.8 (0.39) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.7 (0.07) |
10.9 (0.43) |
35.8 (1.41) |
238.9 (9.41) |
Average rainy days | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 40 |
Average snowy days | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 69 | 62 | 56 | 45 | 34 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 42 | 55 | 67 | 50 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 149.3 | 153.5 | 202.5 | 235.7 | 329.6 | 362.6 | 378.6 | 344.8 | 323.2 | 274.0 | 235.0 | 143.1 | 3,131.9 |
Source 1: NOAA (1959–1983)[60] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Ogimet[61] |
Places of interest
- Foreign consulates
India, Iran and Pakistan operate their consulate here for trade, military and political links.
- Neighborhoods
- Shahr-e Naw (Downtown)
- Welayat(Office of the governor)
- Qol-Ordue (Army's HQ)
- Farqa (Army's HQ)
- Darwaze Khosh
- Chaharsu
- Pul-e Rangine
- Sufi-abad
- New-abad
- Pul-e malaan
- Thakhte Safar
- Howz-e-Karbas
- Baramaan
- Darwaze-ye Qandahar
- Darwaze-ye Iraq
- Darwaze Az Kordestan
- Parks
- Park-e Taraki
- Park-e Millat
- Khane-ye Jihad Park
- Monuments
- Herat Citadel (Qala Ikhtyaruddin or Arg)
- Musallah Complex
- Musalla Minarets of Herat
Of the more than dozen minarets that once stood in Herāt, many have been toppled from war and neglect over the past century. Recently, however, everyday traffic threatens many of the remaining unique towers by shaking the very foundations they stand on. Cars and trucks that drive on a road encircling the ancient city rumble the ground every time they pass these historic structures. UNESCO personnel and Afghan authorities have been working to stabilize the Fifth Minaret.[62][63]
- Museums
- Herat Museum, located inside the Herat Citadel
- Jihad Museum
- Mausoleums and tombs
- Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
- Mausoleum of Khwajah Abdullah Ansari
- Tomb of Jami
- Tomb of khaje Qaltan
- Mausoleum of Mirwais Sadiq
- Jewish cemetery – there once existed an ancient Jewish community in the city. Its remnants are a cemetery and a ruined shrine.[64]
- Mosques
- Friday Mosque of Herat)
- Gazargah Sharif
- Khalghe Sharif
- Shah Zahdahe
- Hotels
- Serena Hotel(coming soon)
- Diamond Hotel
- Marcopolo Hotel
- Stadiums
- Herat Stadium
- Universities
Demography
The population of Herat numbered approximately 592,902 in 2021.
The city has high residential density clustered around the core of the city. However, vacant plots account for a higher percentage of the city (21%) than residential land use (18%) and agricultural is the largest percentage of total land use (36%).[67]
The city once had a Jewish community. About 280 families lived in Herat as of 1948, but most of them moved to Israel that year, and the community disappeared by 1992. There are four former synagogues in the city's old quarter, which were neglected for decades and fell into disrepair. In the late 2000s, the buildings of the synagogues were renovated by the Aga Khan Trust for culture, and at this time, three of them were turned into schools and nurseries, the Jewish community having vanished. The Jewish cemetery is being taken care of by Jalil Ahmed Abdelaziz.[68]
Sports
- Professional sports teams from Herat
Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hindukush Stars | Shpageeza Cricket League | Cricket | Herat Cricket Ground | 2021 |
Toofan Harirod F.C.
|
Afghan Premier League | Football | Herat Stadium | 2012 |
- Stadiums
- Herat Cricket Ground
- Herat Stadium
Notable people from Herat
Rulers and emperors
- Tahir ibn Husayn 9th century Abbasid Caliphate army general, and the founder of Tahirid dynasty
- Ghiyasuddin Muhammad, was the emperor of the Ghurid dynasty from 1163 to 1202. During his reign, the Ghurid dynasty became a world power, which stretched from Gorgan to Bengal
- Mīrzā Shāhrūkh bin Tīmur Barlas, Emperor of the Timurid dynastyof Herāt
- Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of the Timurid Empire during the mid-fifteenth century
- Mīrzā Husseyn Bāyqarāh, Emperor of the Timurid dynasty of Herāt
- Safavid Persia
- Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani Empire
- Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, founder of the Barakzai dynasty, buried in the city
- Sultan Jan, ruler of Herat in the 19th century
Politicians
- Ahmad Maymandi 11th century Persian vizier of the Ghaznavid empire
- Minister of Water and Energy
- Amena Afzali, politician
- Faramarz Tamanna, politician
Poets
- Asjadi, 10th-11th century royal Persian poet at the court of the Ghaznavids
- Khwājah Abdullāh al-Herawi al-Ansārī, a Persianpoet of the 11th century
- social commentator, born in Jam, spent his youth in Herat
- Sufipoet of the 15th century
- Nizām ud-Din ʿAlī Shīr Herawi, famous poet and scientist of the Timuridera
- Hatefi, a Persian poet of the 16th century and nephew of Nūr ud-Dīn Jāmī
- Latif Nazemi, Persian poet
- Nadia Anjuman (1981–2005) poet writing in Dari
Scientists
- Persian physician
- Abolfadl Harawi, 10th-century astronomer under the patroange of the Buyids in Rey, originally from Herat
- Ahmad ibn Farrokh, 12th-century Persian physician
- Taftazani, a Muslim polymathof the 14th century
- Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi 15th century Persian physician
- Mughal Emperor Jahangir
Religious figures
- Islamic scholarof the 12th-century
- Islamic scholarand scientist
- Ali al-Hirawi al-Qari, from 17th century, considered to be one of the masters of hadith and Imams of fiqh
- Mujib Rahman Ansari (1982–2022), mullah and pro-Taliban cleric
- Maulana Azad
Artists
- Muslimworld, originally from Herat
- Ustād Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, the greatest of the medieval Persian painters
- Nastaʿlīqscript in the 16th century
- Alka Sadat, Film producer was born here[69]
- rapperand activist
Sports
- Paris Saint-Germain
- Hamidullah Karimi, Afghan footballer, plays as a forward for Indian club Delhi United FC
- Toofaan Harirod F.C
Others
- Gowhar Shad, wife of Shāh Rūkh Mīrzā
- Zablon Simintov, last remaining Jew who is believed to lived in Afghanistan
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Air
Rail
Road
The
Gallery
-
Outside the Shrine of Gazar Gah, c. 1939
-
Mausoleum ofAfghan National Army
-
Shopping center
-
Pol-e Mālān, a historical bridge
-
Pillar ofMusallah Complex
-
Sufiof the 11th century
-
Gazar Gahcemetery
-
Tomb ofJāmi, a poet of the 15th century
-
The Jewish cemetery
-
View of Herat from a hill
Herat in fiction
- The beginning of Khaled Hosseini's 2007 novel A Thousand Splendid Suns is set in and around Herāt.
- Salman Rushdie's novel The Enchantress of Florence makes frequent reference to events in Herāt in the Middle Ages.
Sister cities
- Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States (since 2016)[75]
- Divandarreh, Kurdistan, Iran (since 2021)
See also
- Aria (satrapy)
- Geography of Afghanistan
- Greater Khorasan
- Herāt Province
- History of Afghanistan
References
- ^ "Hadith - Book of Tribulations - Sunan Ibn Majah - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
- ^ "OCHA - February Humanitarian Bulletin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
- ^ a b "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
- ^ Herat - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Archived 2013-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Merriam-webster.com (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ a b Podelco, Grant (9 April 2008). "Afghanistan: Herat's Treasures Can't Compensate For Atmosphere Of Fear". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d e Ḥamd-Allāh Mustawfī of Qazwīn (1340). "The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULŪB". Translated by Guy Le Strange. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-07-26. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
- ^ "The Art of the Timurid Period (ca. 1370–1507)". Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective - Page 129
- ^ The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia - Page 465
- ^ a b c Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan Archived 2016-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. (PDF version 66 MB Archived February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
- ^ "Bomb blast hits west Afghan city". BBC News. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Hughes, Roland (4 August 2016). "Do tourists really go to Afghanistan?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Herat City to Be Listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site". TOLOnews. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
- ^ "Taliban take Herat, Afghanistan's third-largest city, as they push towards Kabul".
- ^ "Piranshahr in need of archaeological museum: Official". 6 September 2022.
- ^ "8,000 years old artifacts unearthed in Iran". 7 January 2019.
- ^ "Iranian archeologists hail find of relics built more than 5500 years ago". 18 November 2023.
- .
- ^ "Herat | City, Afghanistan, & Population | Britannica". 10 January 2024.
- ^ "The State of Cultural Heritage in the Ancient City of Aleppo".
- ^ "UNOSAT".
- ^ Vogelsang 2003, pp. 205–206.
- ^ Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman. "The Behistan Inscription of King Darius". Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD – Encyclopædia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ The earliest recorded date of a bishop in Herat is 424. "ASP Test Page". Archived from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- Abu Ja’far Muḥammad ibn Jarir Ṭabari, Taʾrikh al-rosul wa’l-moluk, pp. 2904-6
- ^ Warfare in Chinese History. Brill. 2000. p. 118.
- ^ Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1970). An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492. Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^ ISBN 0-7007-1017-5.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-3324-5.
- ^ Musée du Louvre, Calligraphy in Islamic Art Archived 2011-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publishers, Vol.3: H-Iram, 1986, Leiden, pp. 177
- ^ Eṣṭaḵri, pp. 263-65, tr. pp. 277-82
- ^ Ibn Ḥawqal, pp. 437-39, tr. pp. 424;
- ^ Moqaddasi (Maqdesi), Aḥsan al-taqāsim fi maʿrifat al-aqālim, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden, 1906, p. 307;
- ^ Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics, with Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Bharati Press Prakashan. pp. 10 and 11.
- ^ Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.V, Ch.4, "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans" (John Andrew Boyle), pp.315-6 (1968).
- ^ Christoph Baum (2018). History of Central Asia. Vol. 4. p. 297.
- .
Herat is referred to as a'zam-i bilād-i īrān (the greatest of the cities of Iran) and Isfahan as khulāsa-yi mulk-i īrān (the choicest part of the realm of Iran).
- ^ Szuppe, Maria. "HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ISBN 978-0521200950.
- ISBN 006-050508-7.
- ^ "Mousallah Complex in Herat – Afghanistan – Tourist Spots Around the World". Touristspots.org. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ Podelco, Grant. "Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets Of Herat, Jam". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ "Tư vấn sản phẩm". Adventuretravelphotos.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ "MOḤAMMAD NĀDER SHAH – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
The following year, his enthronement was legitimated by a Lōya jerga (9-20 September 1930), whilst the final strongholds of Saqawi resistance were repressed in Kohdāman in 1930 (Eṣlāḥ I/67-70, 1930), and in Herat in 1931.
- ^ Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present by Gilles Dorronsoro, 2005
- ISBN 9780813191706. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Failings of Inclusivity: The Herat uprising of March 1979 - Afghanistan Analysts Network". www.afghanistan-analysts.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
- ^ Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, by J. Bruce Amstutz – Page 133 & 145
- ^ War, Exile and the Music of Afghanistan: The Ethnographer's Tale by John Baily
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ISBN 9781848137110. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ "More arrests after Herat killing". BBC News. London. 2004-03-25. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2006-02-18.
- Time. Wednesday May 20, 2009. Retrieved on May 24, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Ambassador Karl W. Eikenberry Remarks at the Lease-Signing Ceremony for U.S. Consulate Herat" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Varshalomidze, Tamila. "Taliban captures Herat city after taking Ghazni". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Herat Climate Normals 1959-1983". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
- ^ "40938: Herat (Afghanistan) Synop Summary". G. Ballester Vallor. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- Islam Online. Retrieved 2009-09-24.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Podelco, Grant (July 18, 2005). "Afghanistan: Race To Preserve Historic Minarets of Herat, Jam". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
- ^ A good description of the sites, including former afgahani jews who lived there, and of some locals, could be seen at "Quest for the lost tribes", a film by Simcha Jacobovici.
- ^ "Welcome – Naval Postgraduate School" (PDF). www.nps.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2009-09-07.
- University of Nebraska at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor. National Geographic Society. 2003. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-09-12. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ "The State of Afghan Cities 2015, Volume 2". Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
- ^ "Relics of old Afghanistan reveal Jewish past". Reuters. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ Alka Sadat Archived 2016-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, womensvoicesnow.org, Retrieved 7 June 2016
- ^ Khaf-Herat railway, http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ Archived 2017-12-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ afghanistan railways, 2014, http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/iran-to-herat/ Archived 2014-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Iran to Herat railway – Railways of Afghanistan". www.andrewgrantham.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-06-07.
- ^ Opening up Afghan trade route to Iran Archived 2016-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Railway Gazette International 2008-01-29
- ^ "Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018". 25 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
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Sources
- Frye, R.N. (1971). "Harāt". In OCLC 495469525.
- Vogelsang, W. J. (2003). "Herat ii. History, pre-Islamic period". In ISBN 978-0-933273-75-7.
Attribution
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Herat". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 330–332. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
External links
- Special report from the new complex in Herat - پالادیوم سنتر -گزارش ویژه از مجتمع جدید در هرات on YouTube
- Different and interesting Bazaars Herat Province Afghanistan 4 May 2022 on YouTube
- Walking in Herat City on YouTube
- بام هرات افغانستان 2019 Full HD BAAME HERAT on YouTube
- برویم باهم پارک ترقي هرات قدم زدن Sep/2018 Walking through Park Taraghi of Herat Afghanistan on YouTube
- شهر هرات افغانستان 09.06.2018 on YouTube
- Detailed map of Herāt city
- Map of Herāt and surroundings in 1942, Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas at Austin